Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of Artificial Ground Freezing (AGF) to temporarily stabilize unstable ground at tunnel construction sites. Recognizing that the effectiveness of this method is significantly influenced by groundwater flow, it is crucial to conduct a sophisticated thermal-hydraulic coupling analysis to assess the potential adverse effects of groundwater flow in

After the installation of rubber isolation layer in tunnels, surrounding rock convergence may apply permanent pressure on the tunnel, compressing the isolation material. This can reduce its elasticity, impairing its recovery capacity and potentially leading to failure. Therefore, this paper proposes a new type of pressure-resistant isolation layer that embeds the compressive layer into the energy dissipation

Fiber reinforcement has been demonstrated to mitigate soil liquefaction, making it a promising approach for enhancing the seismic resilience of tunnels in liquefiable strata. This study investigates the seismic response of a tunnel embedded in a liquefiable foundation locally improved with carbon fibers (CFs). Consolidated undrained (CU), consolidated drained (CD), and undrained cyclic triaxial (UCT)

Buried pipes are subjected to static and dynamic loads depending on their areas of use. To mitigate the risk of damage caused by these effects, various materials and reinforcement methods are utilized. In this study, five buried uPVC pipes designed in accordance with ASTM D2321 standards were reinforced with three different ground improvement materials: Geocell, Geonet, and Geocomposite, and experimentally

In deep underground engineering construction and resource exploitation, complex conditions such as high stress and strong disturbance are often encountered, and dynamic disasters such as rockburst and coal burst are prone to occur. As a common anchorage support form in deep underground engineering, bolts and cables are often applied with high prestress to improve the bearing capacity of surrounding

Sulfuric acid corrosion poses a significant threat to urban ‘deep tunnel’ systems, exacerbating flood disasters and causing economic losses. Therefore, it is crucial to predict the deterioration process of steel fiber-reinforced concrete under sulfuric acid corrosion. This study developed four predictive models for the degradation process of steel fiber-reinforced concrete of ‘deep tunnel’ lining during

This study presents a novel method for identifying joints and automatically segmenting shield tunnels using light detection and ranging (LiDAR). In cylindrical coordinates, the Hough transform is used to extract feature LiDAR data corresponding to ring joints at different azimuths. This feature extraction using LiDAR data facilitates the computation of ring joint feature coordinates and average ring

The size distribution of rock chips can fully reflect the performance of shield machine, and existing size distribution indicators suffer from low efficiency and poor accuracy. Therefore, the aim is to find an accurate and rapid quantitative indicator to characterize the rock chips size distribution and address the engineering issues of shield machine rock-breaking efficiency analysis and tunneling

The automatic identification of surrounding rock grade is a key challenge in the TBM construction of deep tunnels. This study aims to develop an automatic identification system based on TBM ascending section tunneling data to provide accurate guidance for stable section tunneling. A total of 6734 m of per-second TBM tunneling data was collected, and a preprocessing method for null and outlier values

During the engineering design stage, it is challenging to precisely identify the number and spatial distribution of joints within rock masses. To address this, joint orientations are assumed to be constant and evaluate all possible combinations of joints and excavation surfaces to identify the most critical scenario. The maximum key block serves as a vital indicator for tunnel alignment optimization

3D point clouds acquired from emerging light detection and ranging (LiDAR) enable quantitative defect inspection for urban sewers. Defect detection of sewer point clouds is an essential step in deep-learning-based condition assessment; however, it faces challenges related to data scarcity. This study proposes a novel LiDAR simulation-based synthetic point-cloud data generation methodology driven by

In tunnel fires under longitudinal ventilation, a large ventilation velocity, such as the critical velocity, may disrupt smoke stratification downstream of the fire source. During the early stages of a fire, when evacuation is in progress, a subcritical ventilation velocity can strike a balance between maintaining smoke stratification and restricting backlayering length. To determine the optimal range

The study investigates the influence of artificial lighting conditions on the accuracy of detecting rock planes on tunnel faces using videogrammetry. A controlled experiment was conducted employing 3D-printed models with predefined dip angles and dip directions, illuminated under varying conditions of light intensity, color temperature, and angles. The research utilized advanced imaging techniques

A large-scale database linking six-dimensional tunneling parameters to rock weathering conditions was constructed from measurement-while-drilling (MWD) data during tunnel construction utilizing the drill-and-blast method. A data-driven predictive model was developed, integrating random search (RS) with a random forest (RF) classifier, for efficient, real-time identification of unexcavated rock weathering

This paper investigates the in-situ protection technique for buried pipelines straddling deep braced excavation and the relevant structural performance. A deep braced excavation case history for constructing the West Yuanhetang tunnel in Suzhou, China is reported. The excavation is straddled by two shallowly-buried large-diameter pressurized pipelines, with a straddling distance of about 31 m. Considering

In order to investigate the effect of different oxygenation schemes on oxygen enrichment under different working conditions during the construction of the tunnel face of a large section tunnel on a plateau highway and to solve the quantitative problem of the oxygen enrichment model, a full-size numerical model of the tunnel face and a 1:30 experimental model were established for a plateau highway tunnel

In tunnel seismic forward-prospecting, the accuracy of migration imaging impacts the geological interpretation of the area ahead of the tunnel face. However, the traditional reverse time migration (RTM) method, which is the adjoint of the Born forward modeling, often yields approximate estimations of reflectivity. This approximation error becomes even more pronounced in the context of small offset

Floor heave is a typical form of roadway damage in underground mining, often causing transportation and ventilation issues, as well as restricted access. While shear-induced slip is universally acknowledged as the predominant failure mode in roadway surrounding rock, existing research has not recognized the mechanism from the perspective of full-range surrounding rock movement source identification

Energy tunnels represent a promising innovation in the integration of tunnel structures with shallow geothermal energy applications. However, the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of energy tunnels in stiff ground conditions, particularly in rock formations, remains largely understudied. This research addresses this gap by employing a thoroughly validated finite element modelling approach, incorporating

Previous analytical models of fault-crossing tunnels have predominantly been based on the assumption of the tunnel being continuous, which is barely present in practical engineering projects. In this study, a theoretical model for the mechanical analysis of segmental tunnels subjected to reverse fault dislocation is proposed, wherein the interactions between the segmental lining and joints are incorporated

The increasing number of deep-buried tunnel projects has made high-temperature water inrush disasters a severe challenge for tunnel construction. Grouting has been proven to be one of the most effective measures against such disasters, with quick-setting slurry being the most commonly used grouting material. Nevertheless, time-dependent characteristics of quick-setting slurry rheological parameters

To control the surrounding rock of a deep chamber group, this paper establishes a mechanical model for the disturbance effect of deep chamber group excavation, analyzes the stress evolution law of the surrounding rock during the construction process of chamber groups, and proposes a compensation control method for deep chamber group excavation with “stress compensation, surrounding rock reinforcement

Accurately identifying adverse geology ahead of the tunnel face in real-time is essential for guaranteeing the safe and efficient excavation of tunnel boring machines (TBMs). This study presents a novel real-time identification method for adverse geological conditions ahead of TBM tunnel face based on the stacking ensemble algorithm and Bayesian theory. Initially, a statistical analysis of 18 collapse

This study develops a comprehensive framework for identifying geological characteristics (GC) during shield tunneling. Four unsupervised clustering methods are employed: K − means++, Fuzzy C − means (FCM), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), and Hierarchical Clustering (HIC). These clustering methods are applied to both the original and dimensionally reduced datasets, which are obtained through principal

This paper proposes a methodology for identifying the real-time cutting status of a shield machine based on its vibration during excavation through an existing underground reinforced concrete metro station. Vibration signals were acquired using accelerometers installed on the front of the man lock. Firstly, a preliminary assessment of the cutting status related to wall-cutting was conducted based on

Safe evacuation of crowds from deep underground spaces is challenging owing to large building sizes, enclosed indoor spaces, and long upward-evacuation distances. A virtual-reality (VR) scenario was created to study human behavior during fire emergencies in deep underground space, and a series of immersive VR experiments for evacuation was conducted. The experiment investigated evacuee pre-movement

Urban Underground Space (UUS) is recognized as a critical contributor to urban safety, resilience, and sustainable development. As urban development transitions into the phase of stock renewal, issues such as the functional misalignment between aboveground and underground spaces, mismatched supply and demand, low utilization efficiency, and poor spatial quality have become increasingly prominent, particularly

The increasing frequency and intensity of cold waves, driven by global climate change, pose significant challenges to the resilience of underground water distribution networks (WDNs). This study proposes an interpretable machine learning framework to predict water pipe failures during cold waves, leveraging historical pipe failure records and meteorological data from an eastern Chinese city. A comprehensive

Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) is a widely adopted project delivery method that centralizes responsibility but frequently faces challenges related to fragmented documentation in pumped storage hydropower projects. Although Building Information Modeling (BIM) integrates multidisciplinary data to create digital representations, interoperability issues continue to hinder seamless collaboration

In order to solve the problem of excessively high dust and gas concentration in continuous mining face, this paper puts forward a front split air technology which can control gas concentration while reducing dust pollution on the basis of not affecting on-site coal mining operations, summarizes the on-site dust and gas pollution diffusion law, and reveals the dust control mechanism of front split air

Enhancing the resilience of underground structures for their operation safety amidst complex disasters has become a critical societal issue. However, resilience enhancement decision-making for underground structures mainly depends on practical subjective experience currently, with insufficient integration of ontology knowledge and a clear gap in the availability of efficient and intelligent decision-making

To optimize spray-based dust capture efficiency at coal mine working face, a novel micro-nano bubble enhanced ultrasonic dry fog dust suppression approach was developed. The characteristics of micro nano bubbles water were studied through wettability experiments and the dust suppression effect of micro nano bubbles water and tap water was compared by using the custom-designed spray dust suppression

Accelerated human activities and the growing demand for natural resources have facilitated the need for a comprehensive understanding of subsurface environments. This paper comprehensively reviews non-destructive geophysical data acquisition methods for underground feature detection (UFD), focusing on wave-based methods (e.g., seismic and acoustic waves), electromagnetic field-based methods (e.g.,

Unequal double fires may cause more serious disasters due to their complex interaction mechanisms, especially in the case of longitudinal ventilation. However, previous studies have paid little attention to this spot. Therefore, this study presents an experimental investigation into flame behaviour characteristics induced by unequal double fires in a tunnel under different ventilation modes. Using

Large deformation of surrounding rock presents a critical challenge that urgently requires attention in tunnel engineering. This study provides a systematic review of the definition, classification, grading, mechanical mechanisms, and control techniques related to large deformations in surrounding rock. First, the origin of the large deformation concept is systematically analysed, and different types

Based on the deficiencies of the generalized response displacement method and the integral response displacement method for longitudinal seismic analysis of the shield tunnel, the dynamic sub-str1cture analysis method for longitudinal seismic response of a large-diameter shield tunnel crossing the complex soil layer is proposed. The feasibility and superiority of the dynamic sub-structure analysis

Subway stations face an increasingly serious risk of flooding as climate change leads to frequent extreme rainfall events. The suddenness of external flood disasters and the uncertainty of hazard factors have posed severe challenges to the safety and reliability of traditional evacuation plans in complex closed space structures and dense passenger flow environments. To address the above technical demands

For shield tunnel linings reinforced with epoxy bonded-bolted steel plates, the mechanical behavior of longitudinal joints is a key factor affecting the overall load-bearing capacity and durability of the structure. However, current research and design efforts mostly remain at the conceptual or qualitative analysis stage, with insufficient consideration of the collaborative mechanical behavior of components

The paper focuses on the smoke flow movement in inclined short tunnel fires. Small-scale tunnel fire tests and numerical simulations are implemented by considering the tunnel inclination, heat release rate (HRR), tunnel height and upward distance from fire source to upward opening. The comprehensive impacts of tunnel inclination, HRR and upward length on the smoke back-layering flow and the influencing

The impact of tunnels on driver performance is significant, yet it remains understudied in the context of high-speed rail. This study investigated the effects of continuous tunnel driving on high-speed rail drivers’ mental fatigue and brain functional connectivity using electroencephalography (EEG) and graph theory. Forty-two participants performed simulated driving tasks in continuous tunnel and plain

The slurry infiltration process and filter cake formation are widely studied due to their critical role in ensuring the stability of the excavation surface during slurry shield tunnelling operations. Previous studies have predominantly focused on static slurry infiltration through laboratory column tests and simulations. However, in real-world tunnelling, slurry infiltration is a dynamic process due

This guideline outlines the recommendations of the International Tunnelling and Underground Space Association (ITA) for preparing a Geotechnical Baseline Report (GBR) for the NEC4 Engineering and Construction Contract (ECC), specifically for Options B or D, with use of a Bill of Quantities. This document complements and should be read alongside the “Guidance on NEC and Underground Works (2025)” (hereafter

Urban rail transit (URT) construction project contractors are inevitably affected by numerous disruptive events, such as natural disasters, weather-related issues, and construction accidents. Capturing the dynamic mental resilience of contractors in URT construction projects under disruptive events is an important issue. Although existing literature have adopted qualitative methods such as interviews

In Tertiary mudstone formations, the surrounding rock of soft rock tunnels is highly susceptible to large deformations and failures due to moisture migration, presenting significant safety risks during both construction and operation. To address this issue, this study develops a moisture migration-fracture coupling model based on the Finite-Discrete Element Method (FDEM) to simulate and analyze the

During tunnel construction by a tunnel boring machine (TBM), it is a critical task to repeatedly predict rock mass classifications ahead of the tunnel face for each excavation step as the TBM advances along the designed tunnel trajectory. Such a prediction process is referred to as sequential prediction of rock mass classifications in this study. Previous studies have demonstrated the values of TBM

To meet basic structural serviceability and durability requirements throughout the life of tunnels, the design and evaluation of segmental tunnel linings requires accurate structural models. Considering that segmentation introduces non-trivial kinematics to the lining system, it is important to properly evaluate the moment-rotation relationship for longitudinal joints. In this study, a nonlinear semi-analytical

Segmented lining structure is one of the effective measures to mitigate the risk of fault dislocation in tunnels crossing active fault zones. Based on background of the Xianglushan Tunnel crossing Longpan-Qiaohou Fault, the mechanical behavior of segmented lining structure for deep buried tunnel crossing complex active fault zone is studied by physical model tests. The results indicate that both the

Numerical investigation was carried out to study the ceiling gas temperature distribution under the combination effect of tunnel slope and longitudinal fire location in a naturally ventilated tunnel. Results show that in horizontal tunnel with fire located in the tunnel’s longitudinal center, the ceiling gas temperature is symmetric distributing in upstream and downstream. With fire moves to the right

Accurate prediction of deformation in newly constructed tunnels is crucial for early risk detection and ensuring structural stability. However, due to the limited sample size and high variability of data in these tunnels, it becomes difficult to achieve both high prediction accuracy and strong generalization performance when relying solely on data-driven approaches. To address these challenges, a knowledge-data

Critical nodes in transport networks significantly influence network performance and resilience. Calculating node importance in the bus-metro composite network (BMCN) is crucial for optimizing the integration of underground and surface networks. This paper introduces a method to determine node importance in BMCN using a multi-attribute decision making (MADM) approach, incorporating topological features

Compared to open roads, highway tunnels’ continuous semi-enclosed wall structures exacerbate sight distance challenges for vehicles equipped with automation systems (AV) in curved segments. However, AV’s adaptability to existing road geometry in tunnels, which was primarily tailored for traditional human-driven vehicles, remains inconclusive. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the influence

This study examines the influence of the internal air environment on the geothermal potential of a metro station in Bucharest with a standard design commonly found in metro stations. It addresses the challenges posed by factors such as train movement on air circulation and braking, passenger flow, and technical infrastructure on temperature patterns within the station respectively. The aim is to evaluate

Cross-fault tunnels subjected to combined fault rupture and subsequent seismic excitation exhibit complex deformation patterns and damage mechanisms, posing great risk to their long-term operation. To address this critical challenge, a novel performance indicator is proposed and applied to the fragility assessment of tunnel structures, aiming to evaluate the compounded effects of both fault rupture

Open caisson construction often involves excessive material use to provide sufficient dead weight to counteract buoyancy forces (uplift) in the permanent state. Under-reaming, which enlarges the caisson base to form a continuous annular anchor, offers a means to reduce material usage by increasing uplift resistance. However, uptake of such techniques in practice remains limited due to a lack of research

Large deformations in tunnels are frequently observed in environments characterized by high geostress and strong viscous rocks. Rockbolts and cables have become a crucial support measure in the control of large deformations, due to their suspension and reinforcement effects. This study proposes an analytical model to investigate the interaction between combined rockbolt-cable support and visco-elastic–plastic

Urban underground public spaces are increasingly recognised as crucial for enhancing urban functionality and liveability. However, effectively integrating public cognition into underground public space planning remains challenging. This study addresses this gap by proposing a novel approach integrating natural language processing, knowledge graphs and complex network theory to systematically mine public

To evaluate the seismic response of deep tunnels, this study proposes an analytical solution for the seismic response of deep tunnels with arbitrary cross-sections based on the extended complex function method and the boundary collocation approach, which realistically accounts for the interface properties between the lining and the surrounding rock and the lining thickness. The accuracy of the computational

Owing to the substantial production of waste slurry in slurry pressure balance (SPB) shield tunneling, there is an urgent need to recycle SPB shield waste slurry (SWS). In this study, the proposed recycling method involves employing the geopolymer consolidation approach to develop an innovative SWS-based shield tail grouting material comprising SWS, geopolymers, and accelerators. Via the application

Rock-breaking forces are crucial indicators in evaluating the performance of tunnel boring machine (TBM) disc cutters, impacting cutter selection, cutterhead design, and penetration parameters. To develop an accurate and reliable prediction model for the rock-breaking forces of TBM disc cutters, a model database containing 414 typical samples was constructed based on the widely approved full-scale