Fault systems of various geometries develop into accretionary wedges to accommodate slip partitioning of plate convergence in oblique settings. However, how they form, evolve and contribute to the segmentation of the megathrust is still poorly understood. The Barbados accretionary wedge, which results from the subduction of the American plates beneath the Caribbean Plate at 2 cm/yr in a southwesterly

We developed a conduit model of magma ascent to the surface, to understand the influence of input parameters like temperature, crystallinity, water content and depth of reservoir on the eruption rate and style of volcanic eruptions. The main novelty of this model over previous ones is that conduit radius, initial overpressure at the conduit inlet and initial bubble number density are not free parameters

Subducted slabs transport volatiles into the deep mantle, greatly influencing material recycling, earthquakes, and magmatism in subduction zones. However, identifying the nature and amounts of fluids from different sources, including basaltic oceanic crust, sediment, and serpentinite, is difficult. Here, we report major and trace elements, Mo–Mg–Sr–Nd isotopes, and zircon Hf–O isotopes of early Paleozoic

We present Mars Express (MEX) observations of heavy pickup ions (HPUI) at Mars and a new method to derive interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) properties. The MEX HPUI measurements were organized using the upstream IMF directions measured by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. Since these HPUIs are mostly accelerated by the electric field in the upstream and magnetosheath regions

The cold, dense plasma of the plasmasphere is sourced by outflows from the ionosphere, but the refilling process is still poorly understood. Refilling may occur in stages, and studying this process is important to understanding how the ionosphere couples to the magnetosphere. This study examines the two-stage refilling process of the plasmasphere using data from 42 geomagnetic storms observed during

Ionosondes are primarily used to measure the electron densities of the ionosphere's E and F-region via frequency-range analysis of the probing signal returns. The amplitude of the returning signal has often been ignored, however, and may allow estimates of other propagation effects such as D and E-region absorption. We introduce a methodology to extract this information from amplitude data and view

Altitude profiles of the mass concentrations of aerosol black carbon (BC) have been obtained,up to an altitude of 12 km, from in situ measurements over Hyderabad (17.47°N, 78.57°E, 557 m amsl;a tropical station in the central Indian peninsula), using three successive high altitude balloon ascents during winter and early summer seasons of 2023–2024. The profiles revealed predominant peaks at around

Foreshocks, though well-documented phenomena preceding many large earthquakes, have limited forecasting utility due to their non-pervasive occurrence and non-distinctive characteristics. Using California as an example, we investigate how seismic monitoring capability, particularly the completeness magnitude (Mc${M}_{c}$), influences the inferred proportion of mainshocks with foreshocks (Pf${P}_{f}$)

We aim to isolate predominantly solar modulated (multi-decadal to centennial) production changes in a 10Be record from Black Sea sediments covering Termination 2. In addition to the effects of varying climate and sedimentation, sea level rise and tephra-driven Be relocation introduced non-production biases into our 10Be (and 9Be) records. These biases were corrected for using normalization (10Be/9Be)

Magnetic reconnection is an explosive energy release event. It plays an important role in accelerating particles to high non-thermal energies. These particles often exhibit energy spectra characterized by a power-law distribution. However, the partitioning of energy between thermal and non-thermal components, and between ions and electrons, remains unclear. This study provides estimates of energy partition

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) can lead to severe disasters in Northeast China but are insufficiently studied in this region with complex terrain and complicated interactions between the mesoscale and synoptic-scale processes. This study compares the MCSs from satellite products, state-of-the-art global reanalysis (ERA5), and kilometer-scale simulations in Northeast China, based on cloud top brightness

This study investigates the effectiveness of ensemble singular vectors (EnSVs) for a mesoscale convective system over the East China Sea, a challenge due to its strong nonlinearity. Employing breeding ensembles with varying horizontal resolutions, we compare linear EnSV predictions with nonlinear perturbed forecasts. The results indicate that EnSVs consistently capture sensitivity to synoptic-scale

Observations and climate models show a strong increase/decrease of tropical low clouds, and hence reflected solar radiation, in response to an increase/decrease of the west-east sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the tropical Pacific due to its impact on boundary layer inversion strength. Here, we discuss an accompanied increase/decrease of outgoing longwave radiation due to the contraction/expansion

As sea ice becomes thinner and more fragile, it may affect the Arctic Ocean methane budgets in winter. Using satellite, in situ and reanalysis data, the oceanic emissions of methane over the Chukchi Sea coast from 2003 to 2023 are investigated. In total, 196 methane ventilation days were recorded, contributing to atmospheric methane increases by 15.7 ppb d−1. Methane ventilation is dominated by sea

Soil moisture drydown patterns encode signatures of vegetation water-use. Previous characterizations of the drydown patterns assume a static linear relationship between water-limited transpiration and available moisture. However, ecohydrological studies show that vegetation exhibits a spectrum of responses to water availability, suggesting that soil moisture loss functions may be nonlinear. To represent

Anthropogenic activities like fluid injection can increase pore-pressure and induce seismicity. Variations in the b-value (slope of the frequency-magnitude distribution) of induced and natural seismic events are thought to reflect the stress state, although recent laboratory results suggest that fault roughness also contributes. In nature, stress, fault roughness, and pore-pressure effects can rarely

Accurately estimating low-altitude wind speed (WS) is a critical and challenging task, with significant implications for urban meteorology and pollution dispersion modeling. This study developed a novel three-dimensional Physics-Integrated Swin-Transformer (3D-PST) deep learning model to estimate high-resolution WS in the urban boundary layer. Comprehensive evaluations demonstrate that the 3D-PST model

The impact of air pollution control programs on the vertical structure of precipitation remains poorly understood. Using multiple data sources, we observed a yearly decrease in aerosol optical depth (AOD) in southern China from 2014 to 2019, probably due to these programs. In contrast, the precipitation top height related to rain onset (PTH0), increased annually after accounting for thermodynamic variations

Zhao et al. (2025, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112332) state the need for measuring the fractal dimension of black carbon aggregates online and proceed to propose and demonstrate a novel method to derive this fractal dimension from measured mobility parameters and mass concentrations. Their summary of the previous state-of-the-art is that the fractal dimension could not be measured online. Here,

Juice (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) 3GM Radio Science Experiment will map the gravitational field of Ganymede with unprecedented accuracy and measure tidally-induced variations. These measurements will allow the characterization of its putative ocean and may resolve lateral variations in internal structure. Lateral variations cause an additional tidal signal that depends on their wavelength and amplitude

The next-generation geostationary satellites are expected to have hyperspectral infrared (IR) sounders, providing hemispheric coverage of satellite-derived vertical profiles of temperature, moisture, and wind in clear skies and above clouds. Derivation of winds, or atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs), from IR hyperspectral sounders was first demonstrated using Aqua Atmospheric Infrared Sounder retrievals

This paper presents observations of upper atmospheric vortices following two geomagnetic storms: a Kp 9− storm on 10 October 2024 and a Kp 8+ storm occurring in April of 2023. These observations, using neutral composition and effective neutral temperatures from the NASA GOLD mission, reveal vortices similar to those initially reported by Evans, Correira, et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL110506)

Low, marine clouds cool the Earth system, reflecting sunlight back to space. Low cloud response to environmental change is a key uncertainty in future climate projections. It is especially uncertain how much warming amplification will occur due to tropical cumulus feedback. A potentially important feedback modulator is the ability for cumulus to cluster through mesoscale circulations. Janssens et al

Observations of solar terminator waves (STWs) in thermospheric mass density (TMD) measurements above 500 km reveal STWs as dominant features of the upper thermosphere. While previous investigations have shown that STWs in the middle-lower thermosphere have amplitudes on the order of 6%–8% of the background TMD in that region, this study shows that STWs exhibit a striking amplification with altitude

Major infectious diseases threatening human health are transmitted to people from animals or by arthropod vectors such as insects. In recent decades, disease outbreaks have become more common, especially in tropical regions, including new and emerging infections that were previously undetected or unknown. Even though there is growing awareness that altering natural habitats can lead to disease outbreaks

Deep long-period earthquakes (DLPs) are often detected near volcanoes from the crust down to the upper mantle. Exhibiting coincidence with volcanic eruptions, DLPs are recognized as potential precursors to volcanic activities yet their detection remains challenging. Meanwhile, their relation to volcanic activities and specific source mechanisms remains uncertain. In this study, we first classify earthquakes

Shallow tectonic tremors near trenches have been detected due to the advancement of offshore observation networks. Traditionally, tremors were identified by cross-correlating envelope waveforms between seismic stations. However, this method has struggled to differentiate tremor signals from earthquakes and sometimes missed tremors during active tremor episodes. Addressing these challenges is crucial

The tectonic evolution of Sulawesi is shaped by complex subduction processes, yet the geometry and extent of its slabs remain debated. Using teleseismic P-wave tomography, we present a new 3-D model of the lithosphere and underlying upper mantle beneath Sulawesi, based on passive seismic data from 89 seismic stations. Our results reveal three distinct slabs beneath North Sulawesi: a south-dipping Celebes

The southward shift of anomalous westerlies from the equator to the south off-equatorial areas plays a curtail role in demising El Niño, and was attributed to seasonal changes in the large-scale environments in previous studies. Given that the southward shift exhibits a distinct spectral peak at the sub-seasonal timescale, we propose that it could also be caused by the seasonal meridional movement

We investigate the characteristics of inter- and multidecadal temperature variability in the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble through spatiotemporal spectral analysis of forced and internal fields. We find high spectral density in North Atlantic (NA) and global temperature that is concurrent with periods of high volcanic activity, suggesting a forced origin. There is no evidence

Anthropogenic heat is a strong point source in urban areas, increasing temperature and exacerbating heat-related health risks. While its impact on urban climate has been widely studied, a simple expression for quickly estimating temperature changes due to anthropogenic heat remains lacking. In this study, we derive such a relation by a novel integration of dimensional analysis with numerical simulations

Transects across the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, show that thermal conductivity decreases and porosity increases with proximity to gouge comprising the principal slip surface. From cataclasite to gouge, thermal conductivity decreases from 2.12 ± 0.38 W m−1 K−1 to 1.38 ± 0.20 W m−1 K−1, and thermal diffusivity decreases from 0.97 ± 0.26 mm2 s−1 to 0.58 ± 0.16 mm2 s−1. Volumetric heat capacities are 2

Heat waves (HWs), intensifying under climate change, critically modulate planetary boundary-layer (PBL) turbulence through poorly constrained mechanisms. Leveraging unique radar wind profiler network measurements across three Beijing during the record-breaking 2023 summer (16 HW days), we quantify the turbulence dissipation rate (ε) variations under anticyclone driven HWs (hereafter called Type AC

As wildfire pervasiveness increases with a changing climate, there is a need to develop new techniques with emerging technologies to understand the interaction between wildfires and the surrounding atmosphere at a high spatiotemporal resolution. The Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality (FIREX-AQ) experiment conducted in 2019 focused on wildfires using several measurement

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are commonly observed in the Earth's magnetosphere and play a significant role in regulating relativistic electron fluxes. The waveform of EMIC waves comprises amplitude-modulated wave packets, known as “subpackets.” Despite their prevalence, the underlying physics and associated particle dynamics for subpacket formation remain poorly understood. In this study

The flooding of rivers can be both beneficial and disastrous to society. As global climate change progresses, hazard mapping utilizing river models has become crucial for mitigating disastrous consequences. Accurate inundation predictions from such models rely on precise data on the locations of levees. However, current levee databases have limited coverage. In this study, we propose a globally applicable

Transient atmospheric waves, which modulate the mid-latitude storm tracks, are projected to intensify over most of the mid-latitudes in Northern Hemisphere winter, but to emerge out of the internal variability only over Eurasia, implying localized climate change impacts over this region. This assessment, however, aggregates different length scales of the waves, thus not accounting for possible different

We combined thermal satellite imagery from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instruments to reconstruct the effusion rate trends in terms of Time Averaged Discharge Rate (TADR) of 37 eruptions (2000–2023) at Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion, France). The analysis of quantitative data on durations, locations, final erupted volumes

Step-overs can impede rupture propagation, but if breached, they may generate a large destructive earthquake. By performing dynamic rupture simulations on step-overs in both homogeneous and bi-material media, we demonstrate that the bi-material effect significantly influences the critical jump distance, the maximum jump step width that a rupture can jump across. In the positive direction, which is

No abstract is available for this article.

The stability at the lapse-rate tropopause (LRT) was previously defined as the upper-tropospheric stability (UTS and SUT) but might underestimate the stability control on high-level clouds, since there is little direct connection between convective processes and the thermal stratification at the LRT. Here, a novel estimated anvil-outflow stability (EAS) based on the minimum stability in the upper troposphere

We report fast sunward-propagating energetic proton field-aligned beams (FABs) observed about one Mars radius upstream of the Martian bow shock, recorded by the Solar Wind Ion Analyzer instrument on the MAVEN spacecraft. The velocity distributions show that all the beams have a bulk parallel speed vB=(1.35±0.21)⁢VS${v}_{B}=(1.35\pm 0.21){V}_{S}$, exceeding the shock speed VS${V}_{S}$. Several FABs

This study investigates the potential role of isobaric mixing in the formation of marine boundary layer clouds. Cloud formation theory emphasizes uplift and adiabatic cooling, but recent observations support the existence of small clouds forming at various altitudes, even below the lifting condensation level. Isobaric mixing of air with different thermodynamic properties can generate localized supersaturation

Numerous tree-ring and historical records indicate a megadrought in the Loess Plateau (LP) of northern China during 1928–29, yet its dynamical causes remain unclear. This study reconstructs LP summer precipitation from 1901 to 2000 using multiple paleoclimate proxies to assess precipitation and reanalysis data sets. The results show that 1928 and 1929 were the driest and second-driest years of the

We provide the first quantification of chaotic intrinsic variability (CIV) in the Arctic-North Atlantic region, using an ensemble of 13 eddy-permitting ocean–sea ice simulations. By isolating oceanic CIV from atmospheric variability, we show that CIV contributes 20%–60% of sea surface temperature interannual variability in the northern North Atlantic at the Arctic gateways, with a greater influence

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic erupted on 15 January 2022, causing Lamb waves to propagate throughout the global troposphere. However, reports on volcanic eruptions–pressure fluctuations and water level dynamics are lacking. We quantified the propagation processes of Lamb waves induced by the Tonga volcanic eruption. Barometric pressure data collected at 1-min intervals at 485 meteorological stations

Stress-induced progressive deformations in fractured rocks with increasing differential stress generally undergo nonlinear elastic (due to crack closure), hyperelastic (due to stress accumulation), and inelastic (due to crack growth) deformations prior to mechanical failure. Wave propagation in such rocks involves the complex interaction of fracture- and stress-induced changes in both velocity and

Abrupt transitions in eruptive style are common at mafic volcanoes, possibly leading to styles that potentially damage infrastructures and threaten the surrounding communities. During the 19th September–13th December 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands), rapid changes in eruptive style were observed, from vigorous lava fountaining to sporadic intense ash columns, alongside continuous

In the convergence area of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the northwestern South China Sea (SCS), the Beibu Gulf Basin (BGB) has experienced a complex geological evolution profoundly influenced by the lateral extrusion of the India-Asia collision and the rifting of the SCS continental margin. Nonetheless, late Cenozoic basalts are widespread in the BGB following the cessation of

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) significantly influences the seasonal-to-interannual variability of surface air temperature (SAT) over global land areas. Using the high temporal resolution ERA5 data set, we identify eight land regions where ENSO's impact on boreal winter SAT exhibits a pronounced diurnal dependence: southern North America (SNA), southern Africa (SA), western Australia (WA)

Cloud droplet size distribution (DSD) is essential for quantifying the roles of clouds in earth system, including cloud albedo, precipitation formation, and cloud lifetime. The response of cloud droplet spectral relative dispersion (ε) to aerosol number concentration (Na) as well as the role of turbulence in this response are yet puzzling. This study uses large eddy simulation to examine the ε–Na relationship

The model representation of black carbon (BC) mixing state—referring to how BC is combined with other aerosol components within individual particles—introduces significant uncertainty in estimating BC's climate impacts. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties of BC-containing (BCc) particles are influenced by the amount of secondary aerosol coating, which is unevenly distributed across BC cores

Future greenhouse warming projections from the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble indicate increased precipitation in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and a reduction in interhemispheric precipitation asymmetry, suggesting an enhanced double-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the tropical Pacific. However, these models exhibit a persistent annual-mean double-ITCZ bias in preindustrial and historical simulations

Satellite precipitation retrieval is inherently an underdetermined inverse problem where additional physical constraints could substantially enhance accuracy. While previous studies have explored static (pixel-based/spatial-context-based) environmental variables at discrete satellite observation times, their temporal dynamic information remains underutilized. Building on our earlier finding that retrieval

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are recognized as one of the primary drivers of energetic electron precipitation (EEP) into the Earth's atmosphere. A problematic discrepancy has remained between the occurrence frequency of waves in magnetic local time (MLT) and the resultant precipitation observed by satellites. This study attempts to characterize the ionization profiles induced by EMIC-wave-driven

Hypsometry, which is the distribution of area in different elevation bands, encodes useful information about the tectonic and climatic forcing of a given landscape. We develop a unified mathematical theory of the elevation distribution of the surface of steady-state rivers and glaciers, when erosion and rock uplift exactly balance each other out. For a steady climate, a constant and uniform rock uplift

The reanalysis data set between 50 and 80 km altitude suffers from its low vertical resolution and high uncertainty errors. This paper introduces an extendable multi-input operator neural network, designed to explore global-scale temperature field to achieve super-resolution reconstruction in this region. This architecture demonstrates the ability to flexibly address high-dimensional problems of multi-source

The width of rivers, and how it scales from narrow headwater streams to wide basin outlets, is a key yet highly uncertain parameter in estimating river-atmosphere biogeochemical exchange. This study characterizes the full distribution of river widths across all stream orders in the Mississippi River Basin using multi-source remote sensing, field surveying, and a nested sampling approach. River widths