The Ordovician-Silurian transition (OST; ∼448–443 Ma) was marked by the Hirnantian glaciation, rapid climatic shifts, and the Late Ordovician Mass Extinction (LOME). While redox changes and ice-sheet dynamics have been widely studied, the role of salinity-pH-redox feedbacks in modulating extinction mechanisms remains poorly constrained. Here, we present a high-resolution multi-proxy dataset (δ11B,

U-Pb-Lu-Hf-trace element analysis of detrital zircon from two metasedimentary rocks of the Armstrong assemblage in the northern Pikwitonei granulite domain of the NW Superior Province (Manitoba, Canada) are used to explore the Eo-Paleoarchean crustal formation history and zircon petrogenetic processes of the proto-Superior craton. The zircon age spectrum from each sample spans a billion-year period

Stable isotope compositions in pyrite are widely employed for tracing microbial sulfur and iron cycling through geological time. In hydrothermal sulfide systems, however, sulfur and iron pools can be affected by both microbial and abiotic processes, limiting the applicability of the respective stable isotopes as biosignatures. Moreover, the diagenetic and metamorphic stability of sulfur and iron isotope

Mercury (Hg) behaviour in sedimentary rocks is important to understand both in terms of its potential volatilization during magmatic intrusions (e.g., those associated with large igneous province activity) and its redistribution during thermal maturation associated with burial and, in some cases, hydrocarbon generation. Mercury behaviour varies significantly across different lithologies, likely influenced

Pyroxenites containing hydrous phases are increasingly recognised as contributing significant melt fractions to many primitive melts such as alkaline basalts, basanites, and lamproites. Although hydrous ultramafic rocks are minor components in the mantle, their low-temperature solidi compared to other mantle lithologies drives high melt productivity, making them significant contributors during fractional

The genesis of post-collisional porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) remains debated. The post-collisional magmas in the eastern Gangdese belt exhibit significant variability in copper enrichment. There is broad consensus that all these magmas originated from lower crustal partial melting, yet the mechanisms driving their Cu fertility are unclear. Quantifying the thermal state and residual mineral proportion

Nitrate-reducing Fe(II) oxidation (NRFO) has emerged as a significant process in soil systems. However, few studies have examined the effects of coupled Fe and N cycling on cadmium (Cd) availability, especially in alternating flooding-drainage paddy soil. In this study, nitrate (NO₃−) was added to Cd-contaminated acidic paddy soil at different stages of flooding incubation. Results demonstrated that

The evolution of granitic magmas represents a crucial process in the compositional differentiation of the continental crust. Stable Sr isotopic composition (δ88Sr), which may undergo significant fractionation during fractional crystallization, has been recognized as an effective geochemical tracer for investigating granitic magma evolution. However, the behavior of stable Sr isotopes during fluid-melt

With intermediate compositions between hydrous fluids and silicate melts, supercritical fluids are ideal agents for mass transfer from the subducting slab into the mantle wedge with fluid-like viscosity and melt-like elemental carrying capacity. However, the structure and transport properties of supercritical fluid have not been well understood. In this study, we investigated the structure and transport

The trace element (TE) content of pyrite has been used as an archive of ocean and sediment pore fluid chemistry, depending on the respective formation conditions and potentially providing valuable insight into past atmospheric and oceanic conditions and sedimentary environments. The formation of authigenic pyrite is predominantly governed by organoclastic sulfate reduction (OSR) and sulfate-driven

The Salton Rhyolite Buttes, situated within the actively extending Salton Trough, offer a unique opportunity to investigate magma storage conditions in continental rift settings. We present new LA-MC-ICP-MS UTh ages, trace element geochemistry, and Ti-in-zircon thermometry for zircons from all five Salton domes to constrain the timing and nature of past eruptive episodes and magmatic rejuvenation events

The present study is focused on the distribution of unexplored critical and strategic element lithium (Li) in ophiolitic peridotites and weathered products (laterites, altered ultramafic rocks), affected soil and groundwater from Central Greece. The provided Li and other trace elements data are combined with available Cr-isotope compositions as tracers for redox reactions and their geochemical cycling

The Middle Ordovician represents a critical period of climate and oceanic transitions that is notable for a rapid decrease in the marine 87Sr/86Sr ratio, fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 levels, and a brief warming in sea surface temperatures that interrupted a general cooling trend. To investigate the relationship between weathering processes and climate during this period, we analyzed lithium isotopes

The Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil, is among the most significant iron ore provinces. This study utilizes geochemical proxies, including elemental paleosalinity ratios (B/Ga, Sr/Ba, S/TOC), redox-sensitive elements (RSE), and iron speciation, to investigate water mass evolution. Samples were analyzed from three drill cores and four outcrops in the Gandarela Syncline, providing new insights into the

The groundwater chemistry is determined by the complex interaction between temperature-water-rock-gas. Therefore, it is a great challenge to study the formation mechanism of cold mineral spring-Erlongyan Spring, which is located in the Wudalianchi Global Geopark in Northeast China. A multiphase reactive transport model that integrated with fluid, heat transfer, and chemical reaction was employed to

Coastal aquifers, a critical component of the land-ocean continuum, act as hotspots of fresh groundwater and seawater mixing while reactive processes further govern the elemental flux to the ocean in form of groundwater discharge. Here we report stable Sr (δ88/86Sr) and Ca isotope (δ44/40Ca) data for groundwater samples collected from multiple depths (14–333 mbgl) from two coastal aquifers in the Ganges

The geochemical study of arc lavas provides an important window for the exploration of slab input into deep mantle in subduction zones. However, the classification of subduction compositions and the contribution degree that reaches the mantle are difficult to observe directly, and this recycling mechanism is still poorly understood. Here we report Mo-Sr-Nd-Hf isotope data for Late Triassic mafic rocks

Redox fluctuation plays a key role in shaping the evolution of the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and other planets in the solar system. Cerium (Ce) isotope fractionation has recently been suggested to be redox sensitive due to the high reduction potential of Ce. However, the mechanism of Ce isotope behavior is not yet clear. Therefore, we use first-principles calculations to investigate mass-dependent

Mountain-building is generally acknowledged to accelerate chemical weathering of silicate rocks by reshaping geomorphology, tectonics, hydrology, and climate. Yet, the dominant driving forces of terrestrial silicate weathering remain unclear. To reveal the mechanisms of silicate weathering during mountain-building, we present hydrochemistry, water isotopes (δD and δ18O), radiogenic strontium isotopes

Constraining the timing of tectono-thermal events in a terrane affected by several orogenic overprints is challenging. Geochronometers sensitive to magmatic as well as low- to high-grade metamorphic reactions are required. We use the reactive accessory mineral monazite in several lithologies from the Inthanon core complex (N Thailand) to decipher the evolution of this multiply deformed and metamorphosed

Extremely positive δ13C is found in calcite veins for the first time in the Huangqiao CO2-gas reservoir, eastern China, with 13C-enriched values as high as +16.9 ‰. The calcite cannot be explained as a product of isotopic evaporation fractionation and/or microbial methanogenesis, given the high formation temperatures of 100–160 °C. Consequently, we propose a new model that attributes the extremely

Boron/gallium (B/Ga) ratios have proven useful in reconstructing salinity conditions in ancient shale and marl formations. Boron is adsorbed from the watermass in proportion to its aqueous concentration, yielding sedimentary concentrations many times greater than background levels, whereas Ga is present mainly in the detrital fraction. However, the amount of B uptake by a sample depends not only on

The early diagenesis of iron is a critical component of the biogeochemical cycling within shelf sediments; however, its variability across different sedimentary environments has been less known. This study analyzed two sediment cores (EH2-23 A and EH2-23B) from the sand-mud transition zone of the East China Sea (ECS) shelf, with a focus on sediment grain size, total organic carbon (TOC) content, 210Pb

The concentration of Li and its isotope compositions in CaCO3 minerals have been proposed as emerging paleo-environmental tools. Yet the bonding environment of Li in calcite and aragonite, a prerequisite for interpreting mechanisms controlling Li incorporation and isotope fractionation, is not known. In this study, the atomic-scale environment of lithium in two synthetic samples of calcite and aragonite

The formation of ordered dolomite is unlikely to occur under ambient Earth's surface conditions, yet “disordered dolomite,” has been shown to crystallize at temperatures as low as 40 °C. Such synthetic precipitates have a similar d(104) spacing as dolomite, and have been studied previously to determine their O isotope compositions as a function of temperature with the goal of using oxygen isotopes

Elemental boron (B) concentrations have been shown to be useful in reconstruction of paleosalinity conditions. Accurate measurement of the B content of a sample is critical for this purpose, but B is a light and relatively volatile element, substantial amounts of which can be lost through sample preparation protocols that fail to take this property of B into consideration. Here, we evaluate the effects

Ferromanganese oxides that coat dead marine biological remains such as porous sponges, fish bones, and cold-water corals are widespread in deep-sea environments. However, their mineralization mechanisms and the intrinsic connections between ferromanganese oxides and biological remains are poorly understood. In this study, we examine ferromanganese oxide coatings (FMC) on five dead sponge specimens

The production of a significant thermal and fluid anomaly during the assembly of large magmatic bodies inevitably leads to a prolonged, post-magmatic evolution of the system. To shed light on the transition between magmatic and post-crystallization environment, we investigated the variation of OH-defects and trace elements content in quartz from intrusive and eruptive products of the Sesia Magmatic

Over the past 100 million years, intense lateritization has resulted in the widespread development of Fe, FeAl, and bauxite lateritic duricrusts across Amazonia. In Central-Northern Amazonia, Fe-rich lateritic duricrusts formed around 44 Ma, with peaks at 11–10 Ma and 5–4 Ma, while bauxite formation occurred between 25 and 15 Ma. Expanding this interpretation to the Amazonian region, two main bauxitization

Ultramafic-hosted seafloor massive sulfide deposits have been reported in present-day oceanic settings for nearly thirty years. However, the development of comprehensive genetic models that account for deep-seated hydrothermal processes is largely hindered by the limited availability of seafloor observations and their reliance on large-scale geophysical studies. The Platta nappe (Swiss Alps) preserves

Relative humidity is a key climate parameter that varies with global temperature and the continentality of a location. It indicates the atmospheric moisture content, a significant component of the hydrological cycle. Notably, relative humidity has a strong potential to be recorded in the isotopic composition of silica precipitates within plant tissues, as the triple oxygen isotope compositions (δ17O

The Mg isotope composition (δ26Mg) of shallow-water carbonates provides valuable insights into the marine Mg cycle, past climate, and diagenesis. However, the effects of the mixing zone and meteoric diagenesis on the δ26Mg of carbonates remain poorly understood, and the variations of δ26Mg during diagenesis differ globally under diverse environmental settings. In this study, we investigate the controlling

The mafic-hosted Daxi Vent Field (DVF) on the Carlsberg Ridge hosts an actively forming massive sulfide deposit on the neovolcanic ridge at a non-transform offset (NTO). Here, we present mineralogy, geochemistry and in situ sulfur isotope analysis of the sulfide chimneys sample from the DVF, which can be classified into Fe-rich and Zn-rich types based on the major sulfide minerals. Our results show

The incorporation of magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), and arsenic (As) into calcium carbonate minerals (CaCO3) during precipitation is well documented. The formation of Ca‑carbonate with an aragonite-type structure is typically favoured at alkaline pH and high temperatures. However, aragonite has also been observed in As-rich environments under ambient conditions. This study investigates the influence

We present distributions of labile and refractory particulate barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) along a transect on the Northeast (NE) Greenland shelf obtained during the GEOTRACES GN05 cruise. The cruise traversed the outflow of Nioghalvfjerdsbræ (79NG), Greenland's largest floating glacier ice tongue. Particulate metal

Plagioclase, one of the major minerals comprising igneous rocks in the Earth's crust and those of other rocky planetary bodies, incorporates minor quantities of iron in its structure. While ferric iron is known to preferentially partition into plagioclase over its ferrous counterpart, there have been few efforts to characterise its oxidation state directly. To do so, we collected X-ray Absorption Near-Edge

Unconsolidated argillaceous sediments play important roles in water-rock interactions and can significantly impact the geochemistry of groundwater and connected surface water bodies. Characterizing porewater geochemistry in these sediments and the geochemical processes regulating solute mobilization is challenging, however. While various porewater extraction methods have been used, the representativeness

We report high-precision stable Zr isotope data for a wide selection of martian meteorites using the double-spike method. The investigated samples comprise shergottites, nakhlites, a single chassignite, and several clasts from the regolith breccia meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 7533. These samples are mostly of mafic compositions, and they exhibit limited, yet resolvable, stable Zr isotope compositions

Hydrogen isotope retention of apatite is important in discussing hydrogen isotopic compositions in natural apatite. In order to estimate hydrogen isotopic variations associated with thermal processes, experiments on the normal diffusion of fluorapatite along the c-axis using 2H2O vapor as a diffusion source were performed at 550–700 °C. The diffusion coefficients of fluorapatite were determined by

Salinity plays a critical role in the hydrological conditions and environmental changes in marginal marine settings. However, bulk-sediment paleosalinity proxies require further refinement, and their sensitivity in detecting changes in ancient sediments needs to be better constrained. In this study, we evaluate the applicability of a boron (B)/gallium (Ga) salinity proxy to an analysis of sediments

Cryogenic cave carbonates (CCC) are speleothems that form under freezing conditions and provide crucial insights into past cold environments and cryogenic processes. Traditionally, CCC have been classified into two categories: fine-grained CCC (hereafter CCC-f) and coarse-grained CCC (hereafter CCC-c), primarily based on particle size and stable isotopic composition. However, recent observations from

Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps occur in tectonically active areas and along continental margins. They harbor diverse chemoautotrophic organisms, providing valuable insights into fluid types and trophic dynamics. Interestingly, certain mussel species can inhabit both ecosystems, deriving energy from the aerobic oxidation of methane (AeOM) or sulfur oxidation. However, the geochemical fingerprinting

The Sunda Shelf receives substantial sediment inputs from the Tibetan Plateau and Southeast Asia's mountainous islands, impacting southern South China Sea sedimentation during Quaternary sea-level changes. Due to multiple river basins contributing to the shelf, the origin and distribution of its surface sediments remain poorly defined. Here, we analyzed major and trace element concentrations and Nd

Mantle plume isotopic compositions are useful for understanding the processes that produce heterogeneity within the mantle. Thallium (Tl) isotopic compositions are uniquely well suited for tracing pelagic sediments and low-temperature altered oceanic crust in the mantle. We measured the Tl isotopic composition of Paleocene lavas on Baffin Island, the earliest lavas associated with the Iceland mantle

The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) represents a significant disturbance of the Earth's atmosphere-ocean system in the Early Jurassic, and its response in lacustrine systems has been widely studied in recent years. However, the impact of T-OAE on the subsequent environmental changes and nitrogen cycling patterns in lacustrine systems are poorly understood. This study investigated the paleoenvironmental

Mantle xenoliths provide a direct window into the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath Archean cratons. Age constraints on the melting, metasomatism and deformation that have affected the SCLM are crucial for developing insight into continental dynamics and craton development. Obtaining constraints is nevertheless difficult. Garnet geochronology – and Lu-Hf geochronology in particular

Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) nodules are marine chemical sediments that represent unique archives for the reconstruction of ambient seawater conditions. This record is limited from modern to Cenozoic times due to the instability of Fe-Mn oxides during burial and subduction of the oceanic crust and overlying sediments. However, almost uncharacterized Fe-Mn nodules exist in Jurassic sedimentary strata throughout

Metal-mining pollution impacts estuarine systems, where sediments with high available toxic metal concentrations precipitate. In the Ría de Huelva estuary (SW Spain), the metal-rich acidic water of the Tinto River (headwater pH = 2.2 and electrical conductivity -EC- = 25.8 mS cm−1) interacts with saline-alkaline seawater of the Atlantic Ocean (pH = 7.87, EC = 55.2 mS cm−1). This study analyses the

Carbonate-evaporite successions can serve as important hydrocarbon reservoirs. However, the unique petrophysical properties of evaporites and various carbonate-evaporite lithological associations have impeded understanding of the complex fluid-rock interactions and diagenetic evolution of these reservoirs. Here we present numerical modeling of the diagenetic mineral-porosity evolution in various f

Illite, a clay mineral formed during diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism, can be dated using the K-Ar method to reconstruct the chronological history of sedimentary basins, fault and fold formation, and hydrothermal alterations. However, conventional K-Ar and Ar-Ar dating of illite faces challenges due to the clay's small grain size, hygroscopicity, limited availability in finer fractions, and other

Subduction recycled components can be incorporated into the mantle through aqueous solution/melt metasomatism; however, tracing the source and nature of metasomatic agents, as well as reconstructing the melting reactions of metasomatic mantles, has consistently posed significant challenges. In this work, we performed an extensive study involving petrology, geochronology, mineral chemistry, geochemistry

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of petrography, clumped isotope thermometry (T-∆47), and NanoSIMS sulfur isotopic analysis of pyrites for the basal Doushantuo cap carbonates from the Jiulongwan (JLW) section. The majority of the analyzed pyrites originate from reduction of marine sulfates, primarily through thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), with minor contributions from microbial

The geochemical data provided by the NASA MESSENGER spacecraft unveiled the geochemical heterogeneity of the volcanic crust of Mercury. Surprisingly, a high amount of sulfur was detected which combined with a low iron content, imply highly reduced conditions of parental magmas. Several variables (temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity fO2, and to a lesser extent, melt composition) affect the solubility

Iron in shelf sediments is crucial in the marine iron cycle, significantly impacting the global C-S-Fe biogeochemical cycles. However, its fate in shelf sediments remains unclear. This study focuses on sediment core YSCW-1 from the Central Yellow Sea Mud, utilizing sediment grain size, redox-sensitive elements U and Mo, and iron speciation to explore the control mechanisms of redox states and sedimentary

The co-precipitation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and phosphate with Fe(III) at the sediment-water interface plays a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycling of organic carbon (OC) and phosphate (P) in aquatic ecosystems. The fluxes of organic matter and phosphate may occur in a sequential manner. This study investigated how phosphate affected pre-equilibrated Fe(III)-humic acid (HA) co-precipitates

The iron and sulfur species play key roles in the transformation and immobilization of heavy metals (e.g., As(III)) in soil environments, while the underlying mechanism of these processes was not fully explored. In this study, the effects of sulfite (an important intermediate of sulfur species) on As(III) transformation induced by troilite (FeS) were investigated. Results showed that the presence of

The long-lasting pollution risks from sulfidic and metalliferous tailings are caused by the unpredictable weathering of unstable sulfidic minerals and associated release of potentially toxic soluble metals. The present study aims to investigate whether indigenous Acidithiobacillus consortia containing ferrous iron (Fe) and sulfide (S) oxidizing bacteria could be harnessed to accelerate the weathering

Alteration of silicate phases in marine sediments is important for the global budget of carbon, silicon, and many other elements. Despite the growing recognition of in-situ marine silicate alteration (dissolution and formation), its global significance and controlling factors are still poorly understood. By compiling data from scientific drilling and applying numerical modelling, we investigate the

Phosphorites – made up of chemically precipitated authigenic apatite or composed of bioapatitic fossil remains – become enriched in a variety of trace elements such as Rare Earth Elements (REE), Cd, and U during diagenesis. The Cambrian-Ordovician phosphorites of the Baltica Paleobasin that are almost exclusively made up of fossilized remains of phosphatic brachiopod shells are, however, exceptional