Commercial coal mining in Turkey's Zonguldak region began in the mid-nineteenth century and played a significant role in both the late Ottoman period and, with increasing importance, the subsequent republic. This paper examines the processes through which Zonguldak's coal reserves became the most important national energy resource during the early republican period (1920s–1940s). Building on critical resource geography scholarship, I argue that a dialectical relationship existed between the resource-making of Zonguldak's coal reserves and the state formation in the early republic. Specifically, I demonstrate that Zonguldak's coal reserves were both materially and discursively employed by state elites to further the state-building project. In turn, this project facilitated the formulation, justification, and implementation of policies and plans related to the extraction, distribution, and utilization of Zonguldak's coal reserves. In examining the interplay between resource-making and state formation, I focus specifically on the material and practical implications for the Zonguldak region, illustrating the transformation of the physical landscape, state-society relations, and labor conditions. I conclude the paper by briefly addressing how this historical period laid the foundation for Zonguldak's near-complete dependence on the coal industry, which has since shaped the region's economic and social fabric.

中文翻译：

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煤炭、国家和社会：共和早期土耳其的资源制造和国家形成


土耳其宗古尔达克地区的商业煤矿开采始于 19 世纪中叶，在奥斯曼帝国晚期和随后的共和国中都发挥了重要作用。本文研究了 Zonguldak 的煤炭储量在共和初期（1920 年代至 1940 年代）成为最重要的国家能源资源的过程。在关键资源地理学学术研究的基础上，我认为宗古尔达克煤炭储量的资源化与共和国早期的国家形成之间存在辩证关系。具体来说，我证明了 Zonguldak 的煤炭储量被国家精英在物质和话语上用于推进国家建设项目。反过来，该项目促进了与 Zonguldak 煤炭储量的开采、分配和利用相关的政策和计划的制定、论证和实施。在研究资源创造和国家形成之间的相互作用时，我特别关注对 Zonguldak 地区的物质和实际影响，说明了物理景观、国家与社会关系和劳动条件的转变。在本文的结尾，我简要介绍了这一历史时期如何为 Zonguldak 几乎完全依赖煤炭工业奠定了基础，煤炭工业此后塑造了该地区的经济和社会结构。