Although political economy (PE) has long engaged with environmental issues, climate change has remained at the margins of the field until very recently. This article argues that fully addressing the transformative challenges brought up by climate change requires a fundamental rethinking of core PE concepts related to the state, distributional struggles, economic growth, varieties of capitalism, and markets. Rather than treating the state as a neutral regulator or market facilitator, we conceptualize the green state as actively structuring transitions through mitigation policies, adaptation strategies, and the governance of just transition conflicts. Green transitions generate new distributional conflicts—within and across countries, between incumbent and emerging industries, and among social groups with unequal exposure to climate risks and transition costs. Climate policy also challenges growth‐centered economic models, raising questions about the viability of green growth versus degrowth strategies. Different varieties of capitalism are evolving in response, with distinct institutional pathways shaping the speed and character of transition efforts. Finally, we critique market‐based approaches that assume price mechanisms alone can drive decarbonization, highlighting the role of non‐economic values, institutional constraints, and distributional struggles in shaping green markets. By linking climate change to core debates in comparative and international political economy, we identify new research agendas for understanding the uneven and contested pathways of green transitions across economic systems. This article, along with the others in this special issue on Greening the Economy: Toward a New Political Economy, aims to bridge some of these critical gaps.

中文翻译：

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绿色转型：在气候变化背景下重新思考政治经济学


尽管政治经济学 （PE） 长期以来一直与环境问题相关，但直到最近，气候变化仍处于该领域的边缘。本文认为，全面应对气候变化带来的变革性挑战需要从根本上重新思考与国家、分配斗争、经济增长、资本主义种类和市场相关的 PE 核心概念。我们不是将州视为中立的监管机构或市场促进者，而是将绿色州概念化为通过缓解政策、适应策略和公正过渡冲突的治理来积极构建过渡。绿色转型在国家内部和国家之间、现有行业和新兴行业之间以及气候风险和转型成本敞口不平等的社会群体之间产生了新的分配冲突。气候政策还挑战了以增长为中心的经济模式，引发了对绿色增长与去增长战略可行性的质疑。不同种类的资本主义正在相应地发展，不同的制度路径塑造了转型努力的速度和特征。最后，我们批评了假设仅靠价格机制就可以推动脱碳的基于市场的方法，强调了非经济价值、制度约束和分配斗争在塑造绿色市场中的作用。通过将气候变化与比较和国际政治经济学的核心辩论联系起来，我们确定了新的研究议程，以理解跨经济体系绿色转型的不平衡和有争议的路径。本文以及本期特刊《绿色经济：迈向新的政治经济学》中的其他文章旨在弥合其中一些关键差距。