Is the state monopoly on the use of legitimate violence a modern invention that refers exclusively to a particular provincial sociohistorical phenomenon that emerged in seventeenth-century Europe? The answer this paper presents is no. Instead, I argue that the canonical Eurocentric epistemic communities have sought to displace other systems of governance and administration and replace them with European and Westphalian-like models. Yet, an urgent question remains unanswered: Why were political scientists and political sociology scholars from the Global South forced to adopt these [Eurocentric] theses and apply them to other, diverse regions, which have had different and prior historical, social, political, cultural, and economic experiences from Europe? To answer these questions, the paper adopts a decolonial approach to examine the following hypothesis: internal violence, repression, and control (from above) were the constitutive factors of forming and preserving political authority necessary for the establishment and development of modern states outside the Western hemisphere. To do so, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Ḵẖaldūn’s (1332–1406) theses on the ontological and constitutive role of violence are deployed to critique the Weberian principle of the state’s monopoly over the legitimate use of physical force. I present what I call the Ḵẖaldūnian trilogy of ʿasabiyya, al-Daʿwa al-Diīniyah, al-shāwkāh wa al-ghālbāh wa al-qāhr (i.e., the dominant group, religious-ideological discourse, force majeure, and repression-domination), upon which state/authority relies to constitute and consolidate its power and legitimacy, without being occupied with either the legality or the justice of this violence, as epistemic alternative of the Eurocentric conceptions of state-building.

中文翻译：

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暴力作为国家的构成要素


国家对合法暴力使用的垄断是否是一种现代发明，专门指 17 世纪欧洲出现的特定地方社会历史现象？本文提出的答案是否定的。相反，我认为，规范的欧洲中心主义认识论社区试图取代其他治理和行政系统，并用欧洲和威斯特伐利亚式的模式取而代之。然而，一个紧迫的问题仍未得到解答：为什么来自全球南方的政治科学家和政治社会学学者被迫采用这些 [欧洲中心主义] 论点，并将其应用于其他不同的地区，这些地区在历史、社会、政治、文化和经济方面与欧洲有着不同的历史经验和先前的经验？为了回答这些问题，本文采用去殖民化的方法来检验以下假设：内部暴力、镇压和控制（自上而下）是形成和维护西半球以外现代国家所必需的政治权威的构成因素。为此，阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·伊本·哈丹·哈丹（ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Ḵẖaldūn，1332-1406 年）关于暴力的本体论和建构作用的论文被用来批判韦伯主义的国家垄断武力合法使用的原则。我提出了我称之为 ʿasabiyya、al-Daʿwa al-Diīniyah、al-shāwkāh wa al-ghālbāh wa al-qāhr（即主导群体、宗教意识形态话语、不可抗力和镇压-统治）的 Ḵẖaldūnian 三部曲，国家/权威依靠它来构建和巩固其权力和合法性，而不受这种暴力的合法性或正义性的影响，作为欧洲中心主义国家建设概念的认识替代方案。