In operational quantum mechanics two measurements are called operationally equivalent if they yield the same distribution of outcomes in every quantum state and hence are represented by the same operator. In this paper, I will show that the ontological models for quantum mechanics and, more generally, for any operational theory sensitively depend on which measurement we choose from the class of operationally equivalent measurements, or more precisely, which of the chosen measurements can be performed simultaneously. To this goal, I will take first three examples—a classical theory, the EPR-Bell scenario and the Popescu-Rochlich box; then realize each example by two operationally equivalent but different operational theories—one with a trivial and another with a non-trivial compatibility structure; and finally show that the ontological models for the different theories will be different with respect to their causal structure, contextuality, and fine-tuning.

在作量子力学中，如果两个测量在每个量子状态中产生相同的结果分布，因此由相同的运算符表示，则它们称为作等效。在本文中，我将展示量子力学的本体论模型，更一般地说，任何作理论的本体论模型都敏感地取决于我们从作等效测量类别中选择哪种测量，或者更准确地说，选择哪些测量可以同时进行。为了这个目标，我将举前三个例子——经典理论、EPR-Bell 情景和 Popescu-Rochlich 盒子;然后通过两个作等效但不同的作理论来实现每个示例——一个具有 trivial，另一个具有非平凡的兼容性结构;最后表明，不同理论的本体论模型在因果结构、语境和微调方面会有所不同。