During the early 1930s, a number of fascist international organisations emerged in Europe and East Asia. Italy's ambition to universalise fascism led to the establishment of the Action Committees for the Universality of Rome (Comitati d’Azione per l’Universalità di Roma, CAUR) in mid-1933. Meanwhile, some months earlier, Japan's continental expansion and the founding of Manchukuo brought about the creation of the Greater Asia Association (Dai Ajia Kyōkai). For a moment, it seemed that the time had come for a proper fascist international aimed at an ultranationalist revision of the League of Nations and at fighting the Comintern on a global level. During the 1930s, fascist internationalism was the ideology-driven motor beyond such projects. However, by the latter half of the decade, all of them had failed. In Europe, heightened competition between Germany and Italy left little space for a pan-European fascist organisation. In Asia, the colonial context of the region and Japan's expansion placed almost insurmountable obstacles in the way of an East Asian fascist international, and it turned out that the connection between the two centres of gravitation in Asia and Europe would not be established through any kind of fascist international organisation. This article discusses how and why the fascist internationals of the early 1930s vanished, stressing that, in the end, the rising Axis alliance was much more driven by transimperial radicalisation. In other words, Italy, Germany and Japan did not rely on a proper fascist international institution to plunge the world into a new world war. Nonetheless, as this article shows, the manner of the failure and vanishing of fascist internationalism is essential in understanding the scope and nature of global fascism in the interwar years.

中文翻译：

---

法西斯国际主义：从一个消失的机构到一个失败的概念？


在 1930 年代初期，欧洲和东亚出现了许多法西斯主义国际组织。意大利普世法西斯主义的雄心导致 1933 年中期成立了罗马普遍性行动委员会 （Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalità di Roma， CAUR）。与此同时，几个月前，日本的大陆扩张和满洲国的成立导致了大亚洲协会 （Dai Ajia Kyōkai） 的成立。有那么一刻，似乎是时候建立一个真正的法西斯国际了，其目标是对国际联盟进行极端民族主义的修改，并在全球范围内与共产国际作斗争。在 1930 年代，法西斯国际主义是超越此类项目的意识形态驱动的发动机。然而，到这十年的后半期，他们都失败了。在欧洲，德国和意大利之间激烈的竞争为泛欧洲法西斯组织留下了很少的空间。在亚洲，该地区的殖民背景和日本的扩张为东亚法西斯国际的道路上设置了几乎不可逾越的障碍，事实证明，亚洲和欧洲这两个重心之间的联系不会通过任何形式的法西斯国际组织建立起来。本文讨论了 1930 年代初期法西斯国际如何以及为何消失，并强调最终，崛起的轴心国联盟更多地受到跨帝国激进主义的驱动。换句话说，意大利、德国和日本并没有依靠一个合适的法西斯国际机构来使世界陷入一场新的世界大战。 尽管如此，正如本文所表明的，法西斯国际主义的失败和消失的方式对于理解两次世界大战期间全球法西斯主义的范围和性质至关重要。