This study combines paleopathological data and paleoepidemiological analyses, specifically survival analyses, to investigate the impact of eight physiological and mechanical stress markers on survivorship in a sample of 492 adult Milanese males and females across five historical periods. Pearson's Chi-squared, post-hoc tests, and survival analyses were performed on the entire dataset. The findings reveal that certain stress markers, such as cribra orbitalia, cribra femoralis and/or humeralis, porotic hyperostosis, and linear enamel hypoplasia, were associated with decreased survivorship, while osteoarthrosis and Schmorl's nodes were associated with increased survivorship. Harris lines and antemortem trauma did not significantly affect longevity. Analysis across historical periods indicated that living conditions deteriorated through the Modern era but improved in recent times. Despite lower survival among females in the Roman period, the low prevalence of skeletal stress markers in females suggests that other factors or hazards, such as childbirth, influenced female frailty to a greater degree. In the Modern era, post-cranial cribriotic lesions, porotic hyperostosis, and Harris lines were associated with decreased survival in females, reflecting greater exposure to environmental stressors, whereas cribriotic lesions and porotic hyperostosis were associated with decreased survival among males in the Roman, Early Medieval, and Modern eras. These findings offer robust insights into the historical impact of stress markers on survivorship and mortality in Milan and improve our understanding of the quality of life of males and females in Milan over the last 2000 years.

中文翻译：

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米兰雌性和雄性过去 2,000 年的应力标志物和存活率


本研究结合了古病理学数据和古流行病学分析，特别是生存分析，以调查八个生理和机械应激标志物对五个历史时期 492 名成年米兰男性和女性样本中生存率的影响。对整个数据集进行了 Pearson 的卡方、事后检验和生存分析。研究结果显示，某些应力标志物，如眶筛、股骨筛和/或肱骨、多孔性骨质增生和线状牙釉质发育不全，与存活率降低有关，而骨关节病和 Schmorl 结节与存活率增加有关。Harris 系和生前创伤对寿命没有显着影响。对历史时期的分析表明，生活条件在现代恶化，但在近代有所改善。尽管罗马时期女性的存活率较低，但女性骨骼应力标志物的低患病率表明其他因素或危害（例如分娩）在更大程度上影响了女性的虚弱。在现代，颅后筛子病变、多孔性骨质增生和 Harris 线与女性生存率降低有关，反映了更多地暴露于环境压力源，而筛骨病变和多孔性骨质增生与罗马、中世纪早期和现代男性的生存率降低有关。这些发现为压力标志物对米兰生存率和死亡率的历史影响提供了有力的见解，并提高了我们对过去 2000 年米兰男性和女性生活质量的理解。