How does war affect social preferences toward people with conflict-related outgroup identities? While the literature often reports prosocial treatment of ingroups, such benevolence is rarely seen toward potential outgroups. We consider the case of Ukraine, where many people with Russian identity markers reside. We ask whether people in Ukraine who identify as Russian by ethnicity or language have become stigmatized following Russia’s invasion. To measure social preferences, we introduce a variant of the Equality Equivalency Test (EET) as a third-party dictator game, where respondents decide between equal or unequal allocations of money involving two recipients. We run the EET in a January 2023 nationwide survey in Ukraine where dictator recipients are randomized by Ukrainian and Russian ethnicity, language, and/or Ukrainian civic identity. We also randomize priming on conflict-related victimization experiences. Despite widespread devastation across Ukraine by Russian forces, the majority of respondents, who identify as ethnic Ukrainians, treat Russian identifiers benevolently (fairly) relative to Ukrainians, and only a minority of respondents behaved malevolently (spitefully) toward them. Priming on victimization has minimal negative effects on benevolence. Our findings reinforce research on rising civic nationalism in Ukraine, transcending ethnolinguistic understandings of identity and belonging. Our results have implications for war as an instrument of nation-building and social cohesion, bolstering Ukraine’s ability to mitigate internal divisions amid Russia’s invasion.

中文翻译：

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战争、社会偏好和反外群体行为：来自俄罗斯入侵乌克兰的实验证据


战争如何影响对具有冲突相关外群体身份的人的社会偏好？虽然文献经常报道对内群体的亲社会待遇，但这种对潜在外群体的善意很少见。我们以乌克兰为例，那里居住着许多持有俄罗斯身份标记的人。我们询问，在俄罗斯入侵后，在种族或语言上认同为俄罗斯人的乌克兰人是否受到了污名化。为了衡量社会偏好，我们引入了平等等价测试 （EET） 的一种变体作为第三方独裁者游戏，其中受访者在涉及两个接受者的金钱分配之间做出相等或不相等的选择。我们在 2023 年 1 月在乌克兰进行的一项全国性调查中运行了 EET，其中独裁者接受者按乌克兰和俄罗斯的种族、语言和/或乌克兰公民身份随机分配。我们还对与冲突相关的受害经历进行随机启动。尽管俄罗斯军队在乌克兰各地造成了广泛的破坏，但大多数自认为是乌克兰族裔的受访者相对于乌克兰人仁慈（公平）地对待俄罗斯身份认同者，只有少数受访者对他们表现出恶意（恶意）的行为。对受害的启动对仁慈的负面影响最小。我们的研究结果加强了对乌克兰公民民族主义抬头的研究，超越了民族语言学对身份和归属的理解。我们的研究结果对战争作为国家建设和社会凝聚力的工具具有影响，增强了乌克兰在俄罗斯入侵期间缓解内部分裂的能力。