As renewable energy grows, flexible electricity demand becomes essential. We conducted a field experiment with nine heat pumps in well-insulated homes near Ghent, Belgium. During 287 flexibility interventions, we remotely deactivated heating until indoor temperatures reached predefined thresholds or households manually overruled the intervention. After initiating a flexibility event, the heat pump power is initially lowered by 250 W on average per unit in the fleet. As some heat pumps in the fleet reactivate, they consume more power to restore their threshold temperatures, triggering a rebound effect that gradually reduces net power savings achieved. On average, net power savings become zero after 18 h, followed by a rebound period. Overall heat pump consumption was reduced by around 1 kWh per event, stabilizing 36 h after the event start. If flexibility activation is timed strategically, up to €1.1 can be saved through price arbitrage, assuming wholesale prices at energy-crisis-level, while the capacity benefits value can be up to $175. Smart heating algorithms could further increase savings generated by all value streams. Colder weather significantly influences savings, by increasing the power available for flexibility but also amplifying rebound effects. This flexibility came with moderate comfort impacts: on average, indoor temperatures were 0.38°C lower during interventions. However, 19% of interventions were manually overruled when larger temperature drops occurred, with households citing discomfort, illness, or occupancy as factors on an online dashboard. These findings suggest that flexible residential heating can support renewable energy integration with moderate comfort impacts.

中文翻译：

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布丁的证据在于供暖：关于家庭参与热泵灵活性的现场实验

随着可再生能源的增长，灵活的电力需求变得至关重要。我们在比利时根特附近隔热良好的房屋中使用了 9 个热泵进行现场实验。在 287 次灵活性干预期间，我们远程关闭供暖，直到室内温度达到预定阈值或家庭手动否决干预。在启动灵活性事件后，机组中每个单元的热泵功率最初平均降低 250 W。当机组中的一些热泵重新启动时，它们会消耗更多的电力来恢复其阈值温度，从而触发反弹效应，逐渐减少实现的净节能。平均而言，18 小时后净功耗节省变为零，然后是反弹期。每次事件的热泵总消耗量减少了约 1 kWh，在事件开始后 36 小时稳定下来。如果战略性地定时激活灵活性，假设批发价格处于能源危机水平，则通过价格套利最多可节省 1.1 欧元，而容量收益价值最高可达 175 美元。智能加热算法可以进一步增加所有价值流产生的节省。寒冷的天气会显著影响节省成本，因为它增加了灵活性的可用功率，但也放大了反弹效应。这种灵活性带来了适度的舒适度影响：平均而言，干预期间室内温度低 0.38°C。然而，当温度下降幅度较大时，19% 的干预措施被手动否决，住户在在线仪表板上将不适、疾病或入住率列为因素。这些发现表明，灵活的住宅供暖可以支持可再生能源整合，对舒适度产生适度的影响。