Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) substantially alter local climates, yet their impacts on building energy performance remain inconsistently quantified and poorly integrated into simulation workflows, energy codes, and planning practice. This review critically synthesizes U.S.-based studies that model the impacts of the UHI effect on building heating and cooling loads, revealing substantial variability in the reported energy impacts. Depending on climate conditions and building type, studies report cooling load increases ranging from 4% to 65% and heating load reductions from 3% to over 100%. These wide ranges stem largely from methodological inconsistencies, including divergent UHI quantification techniques, mismatched spatial scales between climate and energy models, and inconsistent integration strategies. The review highlights key gaps, including the widespread use of oversimplified rural baseline weather files, the exclusion of non-thermal microclimatic variables such as wind and humidity, over-reliance on the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) prototype buildings, and limited representation of colder and warm-dry climate zones. Moreover, results are often difficult to compare due to inconsistent reporting metrics and a lack of reproducibility. Addressing these gaps requires standardized UHI-adjusted weather data, expanded research across all climate zones, and greater consideration of non-code-compliant buildings and socioeconomic disparities. The research advocates the need to address these issues by integrating UHI effects into Building Energy Modeling (BEM) workflows, energy codes (e.g., ASHRAE, IECC), and urban climate policies to enhance predictive accuracy and inform climate-resilient design and planning strategies.

中文翻译：

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关于城市气候和热岛对建筑能源性能的影响：批判性综述

城市热岛 （UHI） 极大地改变了当地气候，但它们对建筑能源性能的影响仍然不一致地量化，并且没有很好地集成到仿真工作流程、能源规范和规划实践中。本综述批判性地综合了基于美国的研究，这些研究模拟了 UHI 效应对建筑物供暖和制冷负荷的影响，揭示了报告的能源影响的巨大可变性。根据气候条件和建筑类型，研究报告称，冷负荷增加从 4% 到 65% 不等，热负荷减少从 3% 到 100% 以上。这些广泛的范围主要源于方法论上的不一致，包括不同的 UHI 量化技术、气候和能源模型之间不匹配的空间尺度以及不一致的整合策略。该审查强调了关键差距，包括广泛使用过度简化的农村基线天气文件、排除风和湿度等非热微气候变量、过度依赖美国能源部 （DOE） 原型建筑以及寒冷和暖干气候区的代表性有限。此外，由于报告指标不一致和缺乏可重复性，结果通常难以比较。解决这些差距需要标准化的 UHI 调整后的天气数据，扩大对所有气候区的研究，并更多地考虑不符合规范的建筑物和社会经济差异。该研究倡导需要通过将 UHI 效应整合到建筑能源建模 （BEM） 工作流程、能源规范（例如 ASHRAE、IECC）和城市气候政策中来解决这些问题，以提高预测准确性并为气候适应型设计和规划策略提供信息。