The United Nations 2030 Agenda promotes sustainability through 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In this study, an index based on key SDG 12 indicators related to responsible consumption and production patterns is constructed to rank EU countries according to their level of compliance. The results show that Italy, the Netherlands and France leading the implementation of sustainable practices, while Bulgaria, Finland and Estonia have the lowest levels. These findings highlight the disparities in the adoption of sustainable practices between countries and underline the need for further policy harmonization at European level to foster the transition to a circular economy.

中文翻译：

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根据 SDG 12 的关键指标构建指数，以促进向循环经济过渡

联合国 2030 年议程通过 17 个可持续发展目标 （SDG） 促进可持续发展。在本研究中，构建了一个基于与负责任消费和生产模式相关的关键 SDG 12 指标的指数，以根据欧盟国家的合规水平对其进行排名。结果显示，意大利、荷兰和法国在可持续实践的实施方面处于领先地位，而保加利亚、芬兰和爱沙尼亚的水平最低。这些发现凸显了各国在采用可持续实践方面的差异，并强调了在欧洲层面进一步协调政策以促进向循环经济过渡的必要性。