Remaining a dominant force in Internet traffic, video streaming captivates end users, service providers, and researchers. This paper takes a pragmatic approach to reviewing recent advances in the field by focusing on the prevalent streaming paradigm that involves delivering long-form two-dimensional videos over the best-effort Internet with client-side adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms and assistance from content delivery networks (CDNs). To enhance accessibility, we supplement the survey with tutorial material. Unlike existing surveys that offer fragmented views, our work provides a holistic perspective on the entire end-to-end streaming pipeline, from video capture by a camera-equipped device to playback by the end user. Our novel perspective covers the ingestion, processing, and distribution stages of the pipeline and addresses key challenges such as video compression, upload, transcoding, ABR algorithms, CDN support, and quality of experience. We review over 200 papers and classify streaming designs by problem-solving methodology, whether based on intuition, theory, or machine learning. The survey further refines these methodology-based categories and characterizes each design by additional traits such as compatible codecs. We connect the reviewed research to real-world applications by discussing the practices of commercial streaming platforms. Finally, the survey highlights prominent current trends and outlines future directions in video streaming.

中文翻译：

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尽力而为网络中视频流的端到端管道视角：调查和教程

视频流仍然是 Internet 流量的主导力量，吸引了最终用户、服务提供商和研究人员。本文采用务实的方法来回顾该领域的最新进展，重点关注流行的流媒体范式，该范式涉及使用客户端自适应比特率 （ABR） 算法和内容交付网络 （CDN） 的帮助，通过尽力而为的 Internet 交付长格式二维视频。为了提高可访问性，我们用教程材料补充了调查。与提供碎片化视图的现有调查不同，我们的工作提供了整个端到端流媒体管道的整体视角，从配备摄像头的设备捕获视频到最终用户的播放。我们新颖的视角涵盖了管道的摄取、处理和分发阶段，并解决了视频压缩、上传、转码、ABR 算法、CDN 支持和体验质量等关键挑战。我们回顾了 200 多篇论文，并根据解决问题的方法对流设计进行分类，无论是基于直觉、理论还是机器学习。该调查进一步完善了这些基于方法的类别，并通过其他特征（如兼容的编解码器）来描述每个设计。我们通过讨论商业流媒体平台的实践，将审查的研究与现实世界的应用程序联系起来。最后，该调查强调了当前突出的趋势，并概述了视频流的未来方向。