Hepatitis B virus infection remains a pervasive global health challenge, affecting an estimated 254 million people worldwide. This review summarizes the current landscape of hepatitis B, including its epidemiology and the clinical spectrum of acute and chronic infection. It discusses the interplay between host and virus that underlies the progression from acute hepatitis to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The review further examines current screening practices, diagnostic methods, and staging tools, as well as providing an in-depth evaluation of antiviral treatment strategies guided by randomized clinical trials and international consensus. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging therapeutic approaches. Drawing on high quality evidence from large scale epidemiological studies, rigorous clinical trials, and evolving global guidelines, this review not only encapsulates the state of the art in the management of hepatitis B but also highlights critical gaps and future directions. This synthesis is intended to inform clinicians and researchers alike, offering insights that may enhance patient care and guide future research toward the ultimate goal of elimination of hepatitis B.

中文翻译：

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乙型肝炎管理的进展

乙型肝炎病毒感染仍然是一个普遍的全球健康挑战，影响着全世界估计有 2.54 亿人。本综述总结了乙型肝炎的现状，包括其流行病学和急性和慢性感染的临床谱。它讨论了宿主和病毒之间的相互作用，这是从急性肝炎发展为慢性肝病、肝硬化和肝细胞癌的基础。本综述进一步研究了当前的筛查实践、诊断方法和分期工具，并在随机临床试验和国际共识的指导下提供了对抗病毒治疗策略的深入评估。特别强调新兴的治疗方法。本综述借鉴了来自大规模流行病学研究、严格的临床试验和不断发展的全球指南的高质量证据，不仅概括了乙型肝炎管理的最新技术，还强调了关键差距和未来方向。该综合旨在为临床医生和研究人员提供信息，提供可能加强患者护理并指导未来研究朝着消除乙型肝炎的最终目标前进的见解。