Given the need to produce sufficient food while meeting net zero targets and protecting biodiversity, there is renewed impetus to expand woodland-based food systems in the Global North, including agroforestry and forest gardening. Typically, however, agriculture, forestry, and conservation are separated spatially, as well as conceptually, and afforestation policies insufficiently consider the integration of edibles into forest management, or woody species into agriculture. We review the scientific evidence on the benefits of woodland-based food systems in temperate climates in relation to four aspects: climate change mitigation and adaptation, biodiversity restoration, food production, and social benefits. Findings suggest high potential of enhancing ecological and cultural ecosystem services through woody polyculture. However, an analysis of barriers and enablers of woodland-based food systems also shows that the productivist and monocultural approaches dominating agriculture in and for the Global North are a barrier to transforming the agri-food system towards more complex polycultural systems with woody species. Therefore, we discuss the conditions for making woody polyculture viable, upscaling these systems, and yielding multifactorial benefits at large-scale in relation to the wider political economy. We conclude that significant transformational rather than incremental shifts are needed, most notably regarding the practical and financial valuation of ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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温带林地的混养粮食生产：多因素效益和政治经济障碍

鉴于需要在实现净零排放目标和保护生物多样性的同时生产足够的食物，因此在北半球扩大以林地为基础的粮食系统，包括农林业和森林园艺，这为新的动力。然而，通常情况下，农业、林业和保护在空间上和概念上都是分开的，植树造林政策没有充分考虑将食物纳入森林管理，或将木本物种纳入农业。我们回顾了关于温带气候下基于林地的食物系统的好处的科学证据，涉及四个方面：气候变化缓解和适应、生物多样性恢复、粮食生产和社会效益。研究结果表明，通过木本混养增强生态和文化生态系统服务的潜力很大。然而，对林地粮食体系的障碍和推动因素的分析也表明，在北半球和为北半球主导农业的生产主义和单一栽培方法，是农业粮食体系向更复杂的木本物种混种体系转型的障碍。因此，我们讨论了使木本混作可行的条件，扩大这些系统，并在更广泛的政治经济中大规模产生多因素利益。我们得出的结论是，需要重大的转型而不是渐进式转变，尤其是在生态系统服务的实际和财务估值方面。