This study is a comprehensive review examining the role of urban parks in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect and enhancing outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) based on in-situ measurements. The review analyzed 48 articles based on criteria such as park size, parks' location using the Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification, number of measuring points, the presence of an OTC index, and public survey data, including participant numbers when available. This review categorized urban parks into five fundamental approaches: (1) the heat-mitigating and other climatic effects of urban parks, (2) the cooling effect spreading from parks into the city, (3) the thermal roles of vegetation in urban parks, (4) effect of the spatial configuration near parks on the urban microclimate, and (5) the thermo-psychological perception and behavior of people in urban parks. The results indicated that larger parks had a more significant cooling effect. A 3.4-ha park lowered the temperature by 0.5 °C, extending the cooling effect to 391 m. A 125-ha park reduced the air temperature by 1.6 °C at 130 m and by 0.9 °C at 280 m. A 680-ha park extended the cooling effect up to 1 km, with temperatures ranging from 0.6 °C to 2.8 °C. A common characteristic of these parks is their high tree density and canopy ratio, which appear crucial in fostering cool microclimate conditions. In addition to environmental factors, users' demographic characteristics and personal perceptions significantly influence OTC. This study offers a novel approach for planners and decision-makers, helping them identify critical areas for urban park development and align local ecosystem preservation efforts and urban planning priorities to protect communities from climate risks such as UHI effectively.

中文翻译：

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城市热岛与城市公园之间的相互作用：基于原位测量的综述

本研究是一项全面的综述，基于原位测量考察了城市公园在减轻城市热岛效应 （UHI） 和增强室外热舒适度 （OTC） 方面的作用。该综述根据公园规模、使用 Köppen-Geiger 气候分类的公园位置、测量点的数量、OTC 指数的存在以及公共调查数据（包括参与者人数）等标准分析了 48 篇文章。本文将城市公园分为 5 种基本方法：（1） 城市公园的热缓解和其他气候效应，（2） 从公园向城市蔓延的冷却效应，（3） 城市公园中植被的热作用，（4） 公园附近空间配置对城市小气候的影响，以及 （5） 城市公园中人们的热心理感知和行为。结果表明，较大的公园具有更显著的降温效果。一个 3.4 公顷的公园将温度降低了 0.5 °C，将冷却效果延长到 391 米。一个 125 公顷的公园在 130 m 处将空气温度降低了 1.6 °C，在 280 m 处降低了 0.9 °C。一个 680 公顷的公园将降温效果延长至 1 公里，温度范围为 0.6 °C 至 2.8 °C。 这些公园的一个共同特点是它们的高树木密度和树冠覆盖率，这对于营造凉爽的小气候条件似乎至关重要。除了环境因素外，用户的人口统计特征和个人感知也会显著影响 OTC。这项研究为规划者和决策者提供了一种新颖的方法，帮助他们确定城市公园开发的关键区域，并协调当地生态系统保护工作和城市规划优先事项，以有效地保护社区免受 UHI 等气候风险的影响。