Rapid changes in global geopolitics have prompted debate about the need to monitor and restrict ownership of real property on national security grounds. Research of foreign ownership on real property has focused on the economic effects of infrastructure purchases, whereas the range of land administration tools to monitor or restrict ownership rights has not received much detailed examination. The aim of this research is to map and compare the current regulatory landscape for monitoring and restricting real estate ownership in the Northern European context. We root our study into land administration literature and particularly to the Legal Cadastral Domain Model that separates the subject and object of the restriction. We collect data from five case countries, namely Estonia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway, through email interviews and analyse the repertory of tools currently in place. The results show that various land administration tools are used for monitoring and restricting ownership rights, of which most typical example is expropriation. Although the application of monitoring and restricting tools is often justified with other reasons such as protecting agriculture or food production, their use may still support national security means indirectly. Also, while there exist several different tools, most of them are used because of the characteristics of the object of the restriction, not the subject.

中文翻译：

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以国家安全为由监控和限制不动产所有权：北欧国家的案例

全球地缘政治的快速变化引发了关于是否需要以国家安全为由监控和限制不动产所有权的辩论。对外国对不动产所有权的研究主要集中在基础设施购买的经济影响上，而用于监控或限制所有权的土地管理工具的范围尚未得到太多详细的审查。本研究的目的是绘制和比较当前在北欧背景下监控和限制房地产所有权的监管环境。我们的研究植根于土地管理文献，特别是将限制的主题和客体分开的法定地籍域模型。我们通过电子邮件访谈从爱沙尼亚、丹麦、芬兰、瑞典和挪威这五个案例国家收集数据，并分析目前使用的工具库。结果表明，各种土地管理工具被用于监控和限制所有权，其中最典型的例子是征收。尽管监控和限制工具的应用通常出于其他原因（例如保护农业或食品生产）是合理的，但它们的使用仍可能间接支持国家安全手段。此外，虽然存在几种不同的工具，但使用大多数工具是因为限制对象的特征，而不是主题。