Evaluating the alignment between groundwater level (GWL) and groundwater salinity (GWS) is crucial for the management of groundwater. The aim of this proposed module-based study was to explore spatio-temporal coherence between GWL and GWS in the Miandoab aquifer, in northwestern Iran, adjacent Urmia Lake. In the first module, zoning was performed leading to four distinct clusters. The GALDIT as the index of seawater intrusion vulnerability and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were considered for the GWS assessment. The Wavelet Coherence (WC) and Partial WC (PWC) methods were used for investigation of coherency between GWL and GWS across distinct zones. Analysis using PWC highlighted a significant antiphase coherence in most regions of the aquifer, while an in-phase coherence was observed in the western section. In the second module, for temporal investigation of the obtained coherences from the spatial assessment, the maps of the GWL, GWS and GALDIT index were provided. TDS and GALDIT index maps revealed consistent conditions with low vulnerability in the southern regions, aligning with stable GWL. Conversely, escalating vulnerability and TDS levels were noted in the central aquifer. Additionally, findings from the GALDIT index and TDS analysis showed decreasing TDS and GALDIT index values near Lake Urmia’s shoreline. In the third module, predictive maps for TDS, GALDIT, and GWL in 2050 were developed under climate change scenarios using the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model. The inputs of GWL modeling were downscaled temperature and precipitation under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP 585) scenario, which showed respectively, up to 2.42 °C increase and 12.28 mm decrease in 2050. The predictive outcomes suggested a rise in TDS and the GALDIT index within the central regions of the aquifer for 2050. In addition, in the third module, prediction intervals of GALDIT index were calculated and the upper bound of the GALDIT index emphasized the high vulnerability in close proximity to the coast. Consequently, decision-makers should take into account the critical conditions in these areas and make appropriate decisions regarding the management of seawater intrusion in groundwater, which may include water demand management.

中文翻译：

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气候变化和人为影响下地下水位和盐度的连贯变化：一个模块化框架

评估地下水位 （GWL） 和地下水盐度 （GWS） 之间的一致性对于地下水管理至关重要。这项拟议的基于模块的研究的目的是探索 GWL 和 GWS 在伊朗西北部毗邻乌尔米亚湖的 Miandoab 含水层中的时空一致性。在第一个模块中，执行了分区，导致四个不同的集群。GWS 评估考虑了作为海水入侵脆弱性指数的 GALDIT 和总溶解固体 （TDS）。小波相干性 （WC） 和部分 WC （PWC） 方法用于研究不同区域 GWL 和 GWS 之间的相干性。使用 PWC 的分析突出了含水层大部分区域显着的反相相干性，而在西部观察到相内相干性。在第二个模块中，为了对从空间评估中获得的相干性进行时间调查，提供了 GWL 、 GWS 和 GALDIT 指数的地图。TDS 和 GALDIT 指数图显示，南部地区条件一致，脆弱性低，与稳定的 GWL 一致。相反，在中央含水层中观察到不断升级的脆弱性和 TDS 水平。此外，GALDIT 指数和 TDS 分析的结果显示，乌尔米亚湖岸线附近的 TDS 和 GALDIT 指数值下降。在第三个模块中，使用门控循环单元 （GRU） 模型在气候变化情景下开发了 2050 年 TDS、GALDIT 和 GWL 的预测地图。GWL 模型的输入是共享社会经济路径 （SSP 585） 情景下的降温和降水，分别显示 2050 年上升 2.42 °C 和下降 12.28 mm。 预测结果表明，到 2050 年，含水层中心区域内的 TDS 和 GALDIT 指数将上升。此外，在第三个模块中，计算了 GALDIT 指数的预测区间，GALDIT 指数的上限强调了靠近海岸的高度脆弱性。因此，决策者应考虑这些地区的关键条件，并就地下水海水侵入的管理做出适当的决策，其中可能包括用水需求管理。