Background: Grandparents regularly spend time with their grandchildren and may also depend on their adult children for help as they age. These patterns suggest that many family members live close enough to one another to provide in-person assistance. However, empirical evidence on grandparent–grandchild proximity and intergenerational transfers remains limited. Objective: We measure grandchild–grandparent spatial proximity, describing which families live close by and whether proximity is linked to intergenerational exchanges of time and money. Methods: We use US data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the 2013 Rosters and Transfers Module. We present descriptive patterns of spatial proximity and intergenerational transfers among families with grandchildren. Results: We find that most grandchildren live very close to a grandparent. Almost half of households with grandchildren live within 10 miles of a grandparent, and 13% live within 1 mile. Closer spatial proximity is more common when parents (of grandchildren) have less education, are unmarried, or earn lower incomes. Households living close to grandparents help and receive help from grandparents more often, and for more total hours, than those living farther away. Monetary transfers do not vary by spatial proximity. Conclusions: Findings have potential implications for the well-being of all three generations. Contribution: Prior research largely focuses on parents and their adult children, regardless of whether grandchildren are present; however, patterns of both proximity and support, and their implications, likely differ when grandchildren are present. We provide updated estimates of intergenerational spatial proximity and transfers specifically among families with grandchildren. We also measure proximity using fine-grained distance categories not common in past studies.

中文翻译：

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孙子女与祖父母的空间接近程度和美国的代际支持（作者：Olivia Healy、Rachel Dunifon）

背景：祖父母经常花时间陪伴孙子孙女，随着年龄的增长，他们也可能依赖成年子女的帮助。这些模式表明，许多家庭成员住得足够近，可以提供面对面的帮助。然而，关于祖父母-孙辈接近和代际转移的经验证据仍然有限。目的： 我们测量孙子孙女与祖父母的空间接近度，描述哪些家庭住在附近，以及接近度是否与代际时间和金钱的交换有关。方法：我们使用来自收入动态面板研究和 2013 年名册和转移模块的美国数据。我们提出了有孙子孙女的家庭之间空间接近和代际转移的描述性模式。结果：我们发现大多数孙子孙女都住在离祖父母很近的地方。几乎一半有孙子孙女的家庭住在祖父母 10 英里以内，13% 的家庭住在 1 英里以内。当父母（孙子女的）受教育程度较低、未婚或收入较低时，更接近的空间接近度更为常见。与住在较远的家庭相比，住在祖父母附近的家庭更频繁地帮助和接受祖父母的帮助，总时间也更长。货币转移不会因空间接近性而变化。结论： 研究结果对所有三代人的福祉都有潜在影响。贡献： 先前的研究主要集中在父母及其成年子女上，无论是否有孙子女在场;然而，当孙子孙女在场时，接近和支持模式及其影响可能会有所不同。我们提供了代际空间接近度和转移的最新估计值，特别是在有孙子的家庭之间。 我们还使用过去研究中不常见的细粒度距离类别来测量接近度。