Measles is an important re-emergent infectious disease globally. Vaccine immunity at the population level is key to the prevention of outbreaks, as unvaccinated or immunosuppressed adults are particularly vulnerable to severe infection. With the increasing use of immunomodulatory treatments for autoimmune and malignant conditions, the long-term effects of CD20-expressing cell-depleting therapies on

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BackgroundMass drug administration (MDA) programmes with the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin to reduce childhood mortality are expanding in Africa; however, concerns remain about the long-term effects of these programmes on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We aimed to evaluate the persistence and spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae AMR following a community-randomised MDA trial. MethodsThis population-based

Reducing stigma during infectious disease outbreaks is crucial for delivering an effective response. However, no validated stigma scales exist for use across outbreaks, and outbreak-specific scales are developed too slowly to guide timely interventions. To enable more real-time monitoring and mitigation of stigma across outbreak contexts, we developed and validated the (Re)-emerging and ePidemic Infectious

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Có ACG, de Mendonça GC, Gatti FD, et al. Unravelling the pathogenesis of Oropouche virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; published online May 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00341-X—In this Correspondence, Joaquim Batista Ferreira Filho should have been included as an author. This correction has been made to the online version as of May 29, 2025, and will be made to the printed version.

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BackgroundWHO recommends a 2-month optimal duration for new drug regimens for rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the 8-week regimens that were assessed as part of the TRUNCATE management strategy of the TRUNCATE-TB trial. MethodsTRUNCATE-TB was a multi-arm, multi-stage, open-label, randomised controlled trial in which participants aged 18–65 years

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BackgroundThe recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV) is licensed for adults older than 18 years but is not approved for paediatric groups. This study aimed to demonstrate the non-inferior immune responses and safety of RIV in participants aged 9–17 years compared with adults aged 18–49 years. MethodsThis was a phase 3, non-randomised, immunobridging, open-label, uncontrolled study conducted at 36 centres

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BackgroundThe JYNNEOS modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine is effective in preventing clade IIb mpox disease. However, vaccine effects on mpox severity are poorly understood. We aimed to assess associations between reported clinical characteristics and vaccination status among individuals with laboratory-confirmed mpox. MethodsWe conducted a case–control study using data collected from public health

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Sigfrid L, Chan XHS, Kasbergen LMR, et al. Prevalence, clinical management, and outcomes of adults hospitalised with endemic arbovirus illness in southeast Europe (MERMAIDS-ARBO): a prospective observational study. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; published online Feb 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00655-8—In this Article, corrections have been made to the data in figure 3. These corrections have

Chandler DJ, Davey G, Hay RJ, et al. Development of the Mycetoma Activity and Severity clinical Scale (MASS): an international Delphi study. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; published online Feb 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00808-9—In this Review, the end matter on The Mycetoma Activity and Severity clinical Scale (MASS) expert panel has been updated. In the Results section, the countries of the

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Section snippets Yellow fever in PeruAs of April 24, 2025, 32 cases of yellow fever, including 11 deaths, have been confirmed in Peru. All infections were in individuals with a history of exposure to wild or wooded areas due to hunting or agricultural work. 23 (72%) infections were in individuals with no history of vaccination against yellow fever. The Peruvian Ministry of Health announced they will

Section snippets Broflanilide insecticide for malaria vector controlIn a cluster-randomised trial in a Tanzanian village, houses were sprayed once with either a new indoor residual spray (IRS) containing the meta-diamide insecticide broflanilide (844 houses) or the WHO-listed IRS Fludora Fusion (clothianidin plus deltamethrin; 916 houses). Efficacy was monitored over 12 months. The geometric mean village-level

Eminent French physician, and expert in parasitology and mycology, died on March 12, 2025, aged 84 years.

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Section snippets ContributorsSS wrote the original draft. All authors contributed to reviewing and editing the manuscript. The authors obtained written consent from the patient's spouse for the publication of this Clinical Picture. Declarations of interestsWe declare no competing interests. AcknowledgmentsWe thank the patient's family for providing consent to share the patient's case and photographs

Screening populations at high risk for tuberculosis might improve clinical outcomes and reduce transmission, but the value and cost-effectiveness of population-based screening depend on the uncertain health impact of early tuberculosis detection. In this Personal View, we propose a framework for estimating the incremental health impact of systematic screening, including effects on tuberculosis morbidity

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Branda F, Ciccozzi M, Scarpa F. Tracking the spread of avian influenza A(H5N1) with alternative surveillance methods: the example of wastewater data. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24: e604–05—This Correspondence has been updated to include a more detailed description of the use of WastewaterSCAN, a data sharing statement, and references 7 and 8 were added. The supplementary appendix has also been updated

BackgroundMolnupiravir and nirmatrelvir–ritonavir are oral antivirals that have shown efficacy in preventing disease progression in outpatients with COVID-19. We aimed to evaluate these treatments for patients hospitalised with COVID-19 pneumonia, for whom data on these antivirals are scarce. MethodsThe RECOVERY trial is a randomised, controlled, open-label, adaptive platform trial testing treatments

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Obesity can cause physiological changes resulting in antibiotic pharmacokinetic alterations and suboptimal drug exposures. This systematic review aimed to summarise the available evidence on this topic and provide guidance for dose adjustment of antibiotics in adult (age ≥18 years) patients with obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2). We searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL databases to find relevant studies published

Complicated urinary tract infections denote an important research field for new antibiotics against Gram-negative pathogens. There is, however, increasing concern that this disease entity is too vaguely defined, leading to heterogeneous study populations and risk of bias. We analysed researchers’ adherence to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance on complicated urinary tract infection

BackgroundMalaysia is one of the southeast Asian countries hardest hit by dengue. We implemented a proactive integrated vector management (IVM) approach in a large non-blinded, cluster-randomised controlled trial to quantify its effectiveness on dengue incidence in urban settings. MethodsIn this cluster-randomised controlled trial we enrolled low-cost and medium-cost residential housing blocks in the

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BackgroundLymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti causes hydroceles and lymphedema in millions of individuals worldwide. Annual mass drug administration of ivermectin plus albendazole (IA) temporarily clears microfilariae from the blood of infected individuals and is used in Africa to reduce W bancrofti transmission. This study aimed to investigate whether moxidectin combination therapies

BackgroundIn March, 2024, Argentina became the first country to implement a national maternal immunisation programme with bivalent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) prefusion F vaccine (RSVpreF) as the primary strategy to prevent RSV disease among infants. We aimed to evaluate vaccine effectiveness against RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease (LRTD) and severe LRTD leading to hospitalisation

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BackgroundCarbapenem-resistant Gram-negative (CRGN) bacterial infections are an urgent health threat, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where they are rarely detected and might not be treated appropriately given inadequate health system capacity. To understand this treatment gap, we estimated the total number of CRGN bacterial infections requiring an active agent and the

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Actinomycosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces israelii, a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium typically found in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. This infection can present in various clinical and radiological forms, affecting cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions, often resembling malignancies. This extremely rare disease should be considered in the

Dahmann S, Kueckelhaus M, Wiebringhaus P, et al. Maternal mastitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome risk from breastfeeding children with scarlet fever: case report and literature review. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; published online April 16. https://doi.org/10·1016/S1473–3099(25)00088-X—In this Grand Round the dosage and regimen of midacolam and ketamine given during ambulance transport, and of

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BackgroundIncreasing incidence rates, insufficient effectiveness of exposure prevention strategies, and the potential for serious outcomes despite antibiotic treatment highlight the need for a preventive vaccine against Lyme borreliosis. VLA15, an investigational Lyme borreliosis vaccine based on outer surface protein A (OspA) variants from clinically relevant Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies

BackgroundAdding a single dose of primaquine to artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for the treatment of falciparum malaria can reduce the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and could limit the spread of artemisinin partial resistance, including in Africa, where the disease burden is greatest. We aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of single-dose primaquine plus ACT between young children

Comparing the efficacy of preventive interventions against infectious diseases, such as vaccines, across different field clinical trials or between subpopulations within the same trial, is common practice. In the case of malaria, WHO has approved two biosimilar subunit vaccines in the past 3 years, both targeting the circumsporozoite protein of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite for mass vaccination

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Cornely OA, Sprute R, Bassetti M, et al. Global guideline for the diagnosis and management of candidiasis: an initiative of the ECMM in cooperation with ISHAM and ASM. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; 25: e280–93—In figure 2 of this Review, the isavuconazole dose from day 3 onwards was incorrect and has been updated to “200 mg three times a day on day 1–2; 200 mg daily from day 3”. Additionally, the appendix

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