Measles is an important re-emergent infectious disease globally. Vaccine immunity at the population level is key to the prevention of outbreaks, as unvaccinated or immunosuppressed adults are particularly vulnerable to severe infection. With the increasing use of immunomodulatory treatments for autoimmune and malignant conditions, the long-term effects of CD20-expressing cell-depleting therapies on

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Free-ranging white-tailed deer (WTD) are highly susceptible to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Through an opportunistic sampling of WTD in northeast Ohio, USA, during January–March 2023, we identified 6 SARS-CoV-2 lineages from 36 sequences using the pangolin lineages tool, including the B.1.1.7 lineage (Alpha variant) and BQ.1.1, BQ.1.1.63, BQ.1.1.67, BQ.1.23, and XBB.1.5.35 lineages (Omicron variant). The

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.

Background Virologic endpoints are used in Phase 2 trials for COVID-19 therapeutics, but they have not been established as surrogates for clinical endpoints. No meta-analysis using individual participant data (IPD) has been undertaken to identify viral load outcomes for which treatment effects are best associated with effects on hospitalization/death. Methods This meta-analysis combined IPD from 23

BackgroundMass drug administration (MDA) programmes with the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin to reduce childhood mortality are expanding in Africa; however, concerns remain about the long-term effects of these programmes on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We aimed to evaluate the persistence and spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae AMR following a community-randomised MDA trial. MethodsThis population-based

Background Healthcare workers (HCWs) are a priority group for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and influenza vaccination. We evaluated sociodemographic and occupational factors, attitudes, and knowledge associated with the uptake of primary and booster doses of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza vaccines among HCWs. Methods Between February 2022 and February 2023, we administered a structured questionnaire

Background Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) suffer increased morbidity and mortality due, in part, to chronic immunosuppression. The determination of an individual's immune competence is currently difficult but would improve risk assessment and inform medical decisions. We reasoned that correlating qualitative and quantitative measures of the B-cell compartment with serologic responses to

Background Invasive mold infections (IMI) can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, but routine public health surveillance is lacking. Although extensive evaluation is needed for clinical diagnosis, case classification prediction models may inform surveillance efforts, which are essential to better characterize epidemiologic trends and assess the value of a more inclusive IMI case definition. Methods

Some common COVID-19 vaccines elicit antibody responses that most serological tests are unable to differentiate from an infection response. This presents a challenge for COVID-19 surveillance and epidemiology. In this perspective, we examine the potential scale of this problem.

Background The main protease (Mpro) is one of the most attractive targets for antiviral drug discovery against SARS-CoV-2. Mutations in Mpro have been linked to resistance against nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (NIR-RIT), an important therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study aimed to identify low-frequency antiviral resistance mutations in Mpro from NIR-RIT-treated patients and to analyze the enzymatic

Norovirus GII.17 outbreaks in the United States increased from <10% during the 2022–23 season to 75% during the 2024–25 season, surpassing the number of GII.4 outbreaks. The norovirus season also started earlier in 2024–25 than in previous seasons. Continued norovirus surveillance is needed to detect and monitor emerging strains.

Objectives Neisseria meningitidis is primarily associated with severe systemic infections but can infect the eye and periocular tissues. Most meningococcal eye infections have a mild prognosis, but there is a significant increase in the risk of invasive disease. UK public health guidelines recommend chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal eye infection cases and contacts. This study involved a clinical

Background As individuals progress through adolescence, their risk of tuberculosis (TB) increases and the type of disease that develops changes, with increasing cavitary formation and parenchymal tissue destruction. While it is widely assumed that the changes in risk and disease phenotype are due to puberty exerting an impact on host immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, this relationship

Spiroplasma ixodetis has been reported to cause the rare combination of cataract and uveitis in infants. Through a retrospective analysis of available literature and additional unpublished cases, we identified 28 eyes from 18 infants from 8 countries in Europe with cataracts and intraocular inflammation. The cataracts were bilateral in 55.6%, unilateral in 44.4%, and progressive in 46.4% of patients

Reducing stigma during infectious disease outbreaks is crucial for delivering an effective response. However, no validated stigma scales exist for use across outbreaks, and outbreak-specific scales are developed too slowly to guide timely interventions. To enable more real-time monitoring and mitigation of stigma across outbreak contexts, we developed and validated the (Re)-emerging and ePidemic Infectious

We confirmed influenza A virus (IAV) by PCR in serum from 18 cows on 3 affected dairy farms in California, USA. Our findings indicate the presence of viremia and might help explain IAV transmission dynamics and shedding patterns in cows. An understanding of those dynamics could enable development of IAV mitigation strategies.

Streptococcus suis, a swine pathogen that causes zoonotic infections in Europe and Asia, has increasingly been observed in South America. We reviewed all available reports from the continent and identified S. suis cases in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, French Guiana, and Uruguay. We also identified 8 novel infections from Argentina, bringing the total documented human cases in South America to 47. We reclassified

Background An effective therapeutic strategy for HBV cure remains an urgent unmet need. We aimed to define the incidence, kinetics and predictors of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss in people living with HIV and HBV (PLWH-HBV) following HBV-active antiretroviral therapy (ART) in PLWH-HBV in Asia. Method 97 PLWH-HBV commencing HBV-active ART were recruited prospectively in Thailand (n=94) and

Background Post-viral secondary bacterial infection, such as those caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, are strongly associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). However, data evaluating this relationship with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted in hospitalized patients in Veterans Affairs (VA) Hospitals across the United

The Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) of Staphylococcus aureus can be associated with severe and recurrent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI). The prevalence of PVL is particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed in a multi-center cross-sectional study whether host-related factors could explain this high PVL prevalence. We find higher serum anti-PVL-IgG levels in participants from Africa

Background Staphylococcus aureus infections are frequently complicated by metastatic foci, recurrence, and death. Antimicrobial resistance and intracellular bacterial persistence limit the effectiveness of conventional antimicrobials. Host-directed therapies could improve outcomes, but the interpretive complexity of pathogen-host interactions impedes identification of critical responses suitable for

Introduction Fatal acute febrile illness (fAFI) is a known predecessor of many infant mortality events in low-resource settings, yet early risk markers for this condition remain poorly understood. Nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome patterns may influence the severity of these infections. Methods We analyzed longitudinal changes in the NP microbiota of Zambian infants with fAFI onset compared to healthy

Background Men who have sex with men are at high risk of HIV acquisition through unprotected receptive anal intercourse (RAI). Behaviorally-congruent HIV PrEP has long been advocated by individuals who find adherence challenging or prefer minimizing systemic drug concentrations. We developed an event-driven, behaviorally-congruent rectal tenofovir (TFV) douche as a PrEP option for RAI and demonstrated

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Có ACG, de Mendonça GC, Gatti FD, et al. Unravelling the pathogenesis of Oropouche virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2025; published online May 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00341-X—In this Correspondence, Joaquim Batista Ferreira Filho should have been included as an author. This correction has been made to the online version as of May 29, 2025, and will be made to the printed version.

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We polled infectious disease specialists about cryptococcal antigen screening for patients initiating HIV antiretroviral therapy. Of 215 respondents, 33% reported typically obtaining screening for patients with CD4 counts <200 cells/mm3 and 63% for counts <100 CD4 cells/mm3. Uncertainty about cryptococcal antigen screening benefits and recommendations suggests opportunities for education and increased

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews, Ahead of Print.

Background In vitro, meropenem is shown to restore the activity of rifampicin in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. This phase 2a trial aimed to determine if addition of rifampicin increases the early bactericidal activity (EBA) of meropenem plus amoxicillin/clavulanate in patients with rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB). Methods Individuals with RR-TB were randomized to

Enterococcus faecalis is an opportunistic pathogen that causes infective endocarditis. Despite in vitro synergy of the recommended combination ampicillin and ceftriaxone (AC), E. faecalis infective endocarditis (EFIE) mortality remains high. We characterized 119 isolates from EFIE patients in our health system from 2018 to 2023 genomically and phenotypically. Three genetic lineages (ST6, ST40, and

Refractory disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DCM) is a severe disease with limited treatment options. This report reviews our own and prior published experiences using adjunctive interferon-γ therapy in refractory DCM, showing overall favorable responses in patients without Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 gain-of-function mutations.

Background Young children have a high risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) disease following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in the absence of preventive treatment. Infection prevalence and risk factors for infection impact delivery of prevention strategies. We aimed to determine the prevalence of infection in child household contacts aged < 5 years exposed to adults with confirmed

Background Differences in absolute neutrophil count (ANC) between African and non-African populations have been reported. Neutropenia has also been reported during rifamycin use. ANC values in current tables that assign severity grades to clinical or laboratory events (The National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Background RTS,S/AS01 vaccine efficacy (VE) was previously shown as lower in African adults than in malaria-naïve US adults, potentially due to concurrent Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infections. We investigated whether treatment of infection prior to vaccination would lead to improved VE and immunogenicity. Methods A Phase 2b study in Kenyan adults evaluated the efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E in conjunction

Background The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and population-level vaccine administration significantly shift the population immunity. In Hong Kong, these shifts, coupled with the emergence of Omicron BA.5 with a strong ability of immune evasion, necessitate a deeper understanding of how population immunity and public health and social measures have shaped the epidemic dynamics across age groups within

Transplantation of kidneys from donors with HIV to recipients with HIV (HIV D+/R+) has been shown to be safe and effective, but there is a unique risk of donor-derived HIV-superinfection (HIV-SI) in these recipients. Recipients from a multicenter observational HIV D+/R+ study were examined for HIV-SI using site-directed next-generation sequencing (Illumina). Eighteen HIV D+/R+ kidney transplant recipients

Background The 2022 dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, posed a severe threat to the region, yet no study has investigated the origins of the causal strain. Methods This study aimed to trace the origins and transmission route of the dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) strain responsible for the 2022 epidemic through genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. We successfully sequenced 135 complete

During 2007–2020, we conducted a cross-sectional prevalence study among patients with acute undifferentiated febrile illness to describe the burden and long-term epidemiology of rickettsioses in Cambodia. Serum samples were collected from 10,243 participants, along with epidemiologic data, information on clinical symptoms, demographic characteristics, and risk factors. A total of 802 (7.8%) participants

Plasmodium falciparum strains lacking P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and PfHRP3 threaten malaria rapid test reliability. We show that pfhrp2/pfhrp3–deleted parasites circulated in Ethiopia as early as 2009, before widespread PfHRP2-based rapid test use, and had high pfhrp3 deletion prevalence. Monitoring of pfhrp2 and of pfhrp3 deletions is needed.

People with HIV (PWH) have increased risk of complications from measles. Only 11.2% of 13,622 PWH in one U.S. clinic had presumptive measles immunity. The most significant correlates of seronegativity were younger age, white race, and CD4 count <200 cells/µL. Increasing measles immunity in PWH is essential given increasing outbreaks.

Background Human infection with Trypanosoma cruzi leads to Chagas disease that induces profound changes in the immune response across different cell subsets, influencing parasite control and disease pathology. Dissecting the functional characteristics of distinct immune cells in patients with the asymptomatic (indeterminate – IND) or with the cardiac (CCC) clinical forms is crucial for unveiling mechanisms

Mendelian randomisation (MR) is an increasingly common study design in infectious diseases (ID). It holds promise for identifying causes and consequences of infections where conventional epidemiology has struggled, and can highlight plausible drug targets, as predating successful COVID-19 trials (baricitinib, tocilizumab). However, many current applications provide limited insight due to violations

Background The first clinical trial on eumycetoma was recently conducted in Sudan, comparing oral fosravuconazole, prodrug of active ravuconazole, with the standard-of-care oral itraconazole. Building on this trial, the present study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) of ravuconazole, itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole in patients with eumycetoma and guide selection

Background The precise mechanisms of respiratory infection caused by oral anaerobic bacteria remain elusive. Unexpectedly, bacterial microbiota analysis using 16S rRNA revealed “hidden” mixed infections of anaerobic bacteria and commensal oral Streptococcus species in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which Prevotella intermedia exacerbates

Molecular epidemiological surveillance for zoonotic strongyloidiasis is confounded by a genus-specific TaqMan probe assay that conflates Strongyloides fuelleborni fuelleborni with Strongyloides stercoralis. To improve surveillance, we developed and validated a novel duplex species-specific TaqMan probe assay, screening a representative collection of available clinical samples. Our assay was highly

Background The geographic range of flaviviruses is expanding, as evidenced by the increase in dengue virus (DENV) cases and the recent emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas. Studying seroprevalence of flaviviruses in (hyper)endemic regions is challenging due to extensive antibody cross-reactivity. Over the past decade, Aruba and Curaçao have experienced DENV and ZIKV outbreaks, of which the

The ability of herpes simplex virus (HSV) to establish lifelong latency in sensory neurons makes it one of the most pervasive viruses worldwide. Although most HSV infections are asymptomatic or cause limited cutaneous symptoms, some give rise to serious central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. Both primary HSV infection and subsequent reactivation events can cause viral replication and spread within

Background We report an interim analysis of safety and efficacy of pemivibart in individuals with (cohort A) or without (cohort B) significant immunocompromise in the phase 3 CANOPY trial. Methods Eligible participants (≥18 years; negative for current SARS-CoV-2 infection) received 2 intravenous 4500-mg pemivibart infusions (cohort A) or were randomized 2:1 to receive blinded pemivibart or placebo

Background Central nervous system (CNS) infections pose a significant public health challenge in resource-limited settings. Traditional culture-based and targeted molecular diagnostic methods have limitations in sensitivity and speed. This study retrospectively analysed the data and CSF samples from our previous study to assess the diagnostic efficacy of untargeted 16S ONT sequencing compared to conventional

BackgroundWHO recommends a 2-month optimal duration for new drug regimens for rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of the 8-week regimens that were assessed as part of the TRUNCATE management strategy of the TRUNCATE-TB trial. MethodsTRUNCATE-TB was a multi-arm, multi-stage, open-label, randomised controlled trial in which participants aged 18–65 years

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Positive laboratory results are increasingly used for Lyme disease surveillance in the United States. We found 6%–15% of persons with a positive test each year tested positive in a prior year; repeat testing frequency increased with patient age. Repeat testing of persons with previous seropositivity could affect surveillance data interpretation.

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Bunyavirus (SFTSV) is a highly lethal pathogen with expanding endemic regions in Asia. While primarily transmitted by ticks, recent evidence suggests potential airborne transmission, raising significant public health concerns. This study investigates the potential for respiratory transmission and pathogenesis using humanized NCG mice inoculated with SFTSV

SummaryWe present a case report of a 59-year-old male diagnosed with pancreatic cancer with multiple abdominal metastases, in whom metagenomic next-generation sequencing unexpectedly identified Clonorchis sinensis genomic sequences in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood specimens. Subsequent examination further confirmed the presence of viable C. sinensis eggs in the stool samples