Need for cognition (NFC) reflects the tendency to enjoy and engage in cognitive challenges. This study examines the relations between NFC and academic interest among 922 German secondary school students (academic track) assessed four times in Grades 5–7 (initial age M = 10.63, SD = 0.55; 41% female; 90% first language German) in mathematics, German, and English. Data were collected between 2008 and

Adjusting practice to different goals and characteristics is key to learning, but its development remains unclear. Across 2 preregistered experiments, 190 4-to-8-year-olds (106 female; mostly White; data collection: December 2021–September 2022) and 31 adults played an easy and a difficult game, then chose one to practice before a test on either the easy, difficult, or a randomly chosen game. All children

What are the psychological consequences of receiving direct and indirect help in childhood? We conducted three preregistered experiments (N = 619, 7–9 years, 80% Dutch, 51% girls, 49% boys, mostly higher socioeconomic status) in the Netherlands (July 2020–July 2022). Children received direct help (correct answer), indirect help (hint), or no help. An internal meta‐analysis showed that children who

Childhood adversity takes a toll on lifelong health. However, investigations of unpredictability as a form of adversity are lacking. Environmental unpredictability across multiple developmental periods and ecological levels was examined using a multiethnic, longitudinal birth cohort (1998–2000) oversampled for unmarried parents. Data were from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4898

This Viewpoint explores the exception from informed consent mechanism in pediatric trials and why this approach is ethically justified and even necessary in pediatric trauma research when traditional consent is not feasible.

ImportanceCo-occurring asthma and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children increase caregiving complexity and health care use, underscoring the need for holistic interventions addressing both conditions.ObjectiveTo examine the efficacy of an acceptance and commitment therapy–based parenting program (ACT-PAM) on health outcomes in children with asthma and ADHD and their parents over

Observed parental sensitivity during a parent–child teaching task and free‐play task was tested as mediators of the association between family socioeconomic risk and child receptive language at 48 months, consistent with family investment theory. Parents (n = 881 mothers; 624 fathers, data collected between 2006‐2008) and their 5‐month‐old children (52% male) were recruited from public health clinics

BackgroundSome autistic children exhibit behavior that caregivers, clinicians, and researchers consider problematic. However, there is little consensus about the types of behaviors that should be treated as a problem and reduced via intervention. In autism intervention research, problem behaviors range from inherently harmful behaviors such as aggression and self‐injury to nonnormative but not harmful

The present study assessed both concurrent and early influences of the maternal caregiving environment to examine unique contributions of each to variation in children's emotional responses to COVID‐19 pandemic. Preschoolers (3–5 years; M = 4.12, SD = 0.49) previously assessed in infancy, several years prior to pandemic outbreak, were re‐assessed during pandemic‐related nationwide lockdown (N = 200;

Eye‐tracking studies tested the understanding of two types of speech acts (questions and assertions) in 14‐, 18‐, and 30‐month‐olds (N = 280; 149 females; ethnicity data collection forbidden, testing in 2021–2024). Experiments involved objects either hidden or visible for a speaker. By 14 months, when the speaker asked questions, infants focused on hidden objects (rs > 0.31). Infants linked novel labels

Children with disabilities often receive accommodations, but teachers rarely explain them to typically‐developing (TD) classmates. How do TD students reason about these accommodations and evaluate their fairness? Five‐, seven‐, and nine‐year‐olds from the United States (N = 122; 50% female; 87.7% white; data collected April 2022 ‐ September 2023) heard stories where a child character with a cognitive

Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium that can present with ventricular hypertrophy, dilation, or dysfunction and subsequently result in clinical heart failure. Dilated cardiomyopathy is the most common phenotype; however, it can be difficult to differentiate from myocarditis, particularly in neonates. Important causes of ventricular dysfunction in the pediatric population range from primary

Music appears universally in human infancy with self‐evident effects: as many parents know intuitively, infants love to be sung to. The long‐term effects of parental singing remain unclear, however. In an offset‐design exploratory 10‐week randomized trial conducted in 2023 (110 families of young infants, Mage = 3.67 months, 53% female, 73% White), the study manipulated the frequency of infant‐directed

This survey study estimated the prevalence of diagnosed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in US children and adolescents using nationally representative data from the 2022 to 2023 National Survey of Children’s Health.

ImportanceRecent evidence suggests that expectant management of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) may confer better outcomes.ObjectiveTo assess clinical outcomes of active treatment vs expectant management of hemodynamically significant PDA in preterm infants.Data SourcesThe PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for randomized clinical trials

BackgroundFacial emotion processing deficits and atypical eye gaze are often described in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and those with conduct disorder (CD) and high callous unemotional (CU) traits. Yet, the underlying neural mechanisms of these deficits are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate if eye gaze can partially account for the differences in brain activation

OBJECTIVE To maximize outcomes for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children, it is essential to develop effective early interventions. Parent-mediated interventions (PMIs) are a promising form of early communication interventions for DHH toddlers. The current study tests the effect of the PMI by evaluating (1) the effect of the PMI on parent strategy use and child communication and (2) the extent to

This longitudinal study (data collected from 2019 to 2023) examines the relation between Spanish‐English bilingual Latino toddlers' (n=46; F=22; M=24) early gesture production (Mage=18.67 months; SDage=1.02) and later language skills (Mage=36.87 months; SDage=0.81). Video recordings at child‐age 18‐months yielded counts of children's speech and gesture production; the latter included gesture words

Identifying the neural processes that underlie the association between children's early adverse experiences and cognitive development could inform more effective intervention strategies. The goal of the current study (data collected 2015–2021) was to examine relations among early experiences at 6 months, electroencephalography (EEG) theta power at 6 months and 2 years, and cognitive outcomes at 5 years

INTRODUCTION The relationship between housing instability and e-cigarette and traditional tobacco use, particularly for sexual minority students, has received little attention. This study investigates the association between housing instability, e-cigarettes, and traditional tobacco use in sexual minorities and heterosexual adolescents. METHODS We used 2021 and 2023 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data

OBJECTIVE Sexual and gender minority (SGM) people account for up to 40% of youth experiencing homelessness. SGM youth experiencing homelessness report a higher likelihood of engaging in behavior that puts them at risk of acquiring HIV. To address this increased risk, it is necessary to identify difference in awareness and use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among SGM youth experiencing homelessness

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalisations in infants worldwide. The primary analyses of HARMONIE showed that nirsevimab reduced infant hospitalisations due to RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection through the RSV season. This analysis aims to evaluate nirsevimab's efficacy at 180 days after dosing, a period exceeding

BACKGROUND Risk stratification tools for paediatric community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in well-resourced settings are scarce. We prospectively developed models to predict CAP severity within a multinational cohort of paediatric emergency departments (EDs). Our primary objective was to develop a risk prediction model to discriminate between mild CAP and moderate or severe CAP to assist clinicians in

Advances in paediatric haematopoietic cell transplantation strategies using immune-effector cells (HCT-IEC) and in intensive care management have improved survival expectations for patients with malignant and non-malignant diseases. However, critical illness still complicates the clinical course for 10-35% of patients undergoing HCT-IEC because of disease-related complications or treatment-related

BACKGROUND Neary 70 million people in the United States live in households where English is not the primary language. Language barriers cause significant challenges to health care use among non-English-speaking populations. We compared the use of preventive care among English, Spanish, and non-English-non-Spanish (NENS) speaking households. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the nationally representative

OBJECTIVE To explore the psychosocial experiences of African American families affected by childhood cancer. METHODS A qualitative investigation was conducted using grounded theory methods. Data collection consisted of in-depth semistructured interviews of purposively sampled participants. Eligible participants were English-speaking parents who self-identified as African American and whose children

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Adultification is the process by which children, particularly Black girls, are perceived and treated as more mature or adult-like than their peers, often resulting in the denial of their childhood experiences and the imposition of adult expectations. This study seeks to explore the impact of adultification on Black girls' identity formation and the overall well-being of Black

In recent years, the use of longitudinal studies in mental health research has grown, particularly in the United Kingdom. These studies provide numerous benefits and improvements in mental health research, such as facilitating the early detection of risk factors for mental health problems. Nevertheless, they also come with drawbacks, including their high financial costs and the complexity involved

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Youth overdose deaths have remained elevated in recent years as the illicit drug supply has become increasingly contaminated with fentanyl and other synthetics. There is a need to better understand fatal drug combinations and how trends have changed over time and across sociodemographic groups in this age group. METHODS We used the National Vital Statistics System's multiple

BACKGROUND People with cystic fibrosis can have impaired insulin secretion and hyperglycaemia before meeting the diagnostic criteria for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin therapy given to such patients was associated with improved weight and lung function in several small, uncontrolled trials but might increase treatment burden and cause hypoglycaemia

This Viewpoint discusses the standard treatment for childhood obesity and advocates a more evidence-based approach to prevent the development of severe comorbidities in children who have obesity.

ImportanceSuicide ideation and suicide-related behavior (eg, suicide attempts) are increasingly prevalent among adolescents. Evidence supports safety planning interventions for adults at risk for suicide; the effectiveness for adolescents is unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of safety planning as a standalone intervention for adolescents with suicide ideation and/or suicide-related behavior

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Use of flavored oral nicotine products (ONPs), including nicotine pouches and other ONPs (eg, gums and lozenges) is increasing among adolescents who use e-cigarettes (ie, vape). It is unknown whether ONP use is associated with vaping behaviors. METHODS We used data from 6 semiannual waves of a prospective cohort of Southern California adolescents (2021-2024). Among participants

OBJECTIVE Determine the prevalence of advancing and graduating residents with concerns as well as attesting readiness to the American Board of Pediatrics for residents not deemed ready at graduation among pediatric program directors. METHODS Surveys were sent to pediatric program directors from July to September 2024 to explore their experiences of graduating residents for whom they had concerns, graduating

CONTEXT Various medical and social factors are associated with adverse neurodevelopment in children born very preterm. Analyses accounting for confounders involving representative samples are essential to quantify the effects of different factors. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review the effects of various risk factors on neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18 to 36 months of age in children

Metabolic acidosis and hyperlactatemia are known complications of acute metformin toxicity. However, acute cardiac complications are less well described. A 13-year-old female presented following a 150-g metformin ingestion. She developed severe metabolic acidosis, hyperlactatemia, and acute kidney injury requiring intubation and continuous renal replacement therapy. Despite rapid correction of her

Menstrual poverty occurs when inadequate access to menstrual hygiene education or financial hardship creates difficulties in sufficiently accessing menstrual hygiene products, which results in adverse outcomes for emotional well-being, school attendance, and health autonomy. The American Academy of Pediatrics recently endorsed a position statement to eliminate menstrual poverty in adolescents and young

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The specialty of neonatology faces significant and growing challenges related to patient safety, physician well-being, and workforce sustainability that highlight the necessity for innovative work models. Our objective was to develop consensus recommendations to improve neonatologist staffing practices in the United States. METHODS We used a modified Delphi process with 32

Determining whether a discharge plan is safe relies on both objective and subjective evaluations. These safety determinations are often made with the goal of having children reintegrated into their community. In the case of pediatric mechanical ventilation via tracheostomy, the stakes for discharge home are high given potential morbidity and mortality risk if there are insufficient services in place

Importance Previous studies suggest that administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents darbepoetin or erythropoietin to preterm infants results in fewer transfusions, fewer donor exposures, and improved neurodevelopmental outcome. Objective To determine if, compared with placebo, preterm infants randomized to weekly darbepoetin would have greater red cell mass during hospitalization and better