1 Introduction In an era where debates over the number of genders or sexes have sparked significant public discourse, why, if there has always been an acknowledgment of at least two genders or sexes, have we not fully committed to studying both in depth? Currently, medical research has seen an outstanding commitment to sex-specific medicine for males, which is then applied to females. Within this minimal

STUDY QUESTION What are the unrecognized risk factors for recurrent implantation failure (RIF) as defined in the ESHRE recommendation? SUMMARY ANSWER Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is the strongest predictor for RIF, followed by chronic endometritis (CE), intrauterine adhesions, and BMI. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Advanced age is a well-known risk factor for implantation failure, and the definition of RIF

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ObjectiveTo evaluate if metformin treatment prior to pregnancy reduces the likelihood of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) compared to no exposure.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingThe MotherToBaby Pregnancy Studies in the United States and Canada.SampleLive‐born singleton pregnancies enrolled between 2012 and 2023, with HG diagnosis data available.MethodsData

STUDY QUESTION What is the association between insulin resistance (IR), metformin treatment, and the outcomes of IVF in IR infertile women without polycystic ovarian syndrome (non-PCOS)? SUMMARY ANSWER IR among non-PCOS infertile women was associated with worse IVF outcomes compared to insulin-sensitive (IS) infertile women, and metformin treatment prior to embryo transfer (ET) was associated with

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between caesarean birth in the second stage of labour and the risk of spontaneous preterm birth in a subsequent pregnancy.DesignNationwide register‐based cohort study.SettingThe Danish Medical Birth Registry and The Danish National Patient Register from 1997 to 2021.PopulationWomen with at least two consecutive births (index birth and subsequent birth) where

BACKGROUND The global increase in frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles has led to a critical evaluation of endometrial preparation methods. While various approaches such as natural or modified natural cycle FET, stimulated FET by use of letrozole (LTZ) and/or gonadotrophins, and artificial cycle (AC) FET, are currently in clinical use, the optimal regimen remains unclear, particularly for women

STUDY QUESTION Does definitive occlusion of uterine arteries have a short- or long-term impact on ovarian reserve markers in reproductive-age women undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy? SUMMARY ANSWER Preventive definitive uterine artery occlusion (UAO) during laparoscopic myomectomy reduces intraoperative blood loss but does not impact serum AMH levels after short- and long-term follow-up in reproductive-age

ObjectiveTo analyse temporal trends, inequalities and projections in anaemia burden among women of childbearing age (WCBA).DesignPopulation‐based study.SettingData from the Global burden of Disease (GBD) Study.PopulationWCBA (ages 15–49) diagnosed with anaemia.MethodsAccording to the GBD study, original data sources, including population‐based surveys, scientific studies and government reports, were

BACKGROUND Traditionally, hospital perinatal quality and rankings have been based on cesarean rates among nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex (NTSV) patients, and recently added unexpected term newborn complication rates as a separate outcome category. The drawbacks of this methodology are two-fold: first, maternal complications are not considered and second, the maternal-newborn outcomes, which may

STUDY QUESTION What methods are used by sexual and gender minority (SGM) parents to build their families? SUMMARY ANSWER SGM parents used diverse methods to build their families, which varied both by gender identity and age. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Despite experiencing significant barriers to becoming parents, 63% of SGM adults aged 18–35 years old are considering having children or expanding their family

Infertility, affecting one in six couples worldwide, poses significant health and social challenges. While both male and female factors contribute to infertility, male infertility causes remain underexplored, with about 34% of cases classified as unexplained. A few studies focus on the role of lipids in male fertility, and some lipids are rising as key players in spermatozoa. This review highlights

BACKGROUND Male germline stem cells are relevant for stem cell researchers but also for andrologists as they are crucial for testis function and initiation/maintenance of spermatogenesis. They are also considered a target for fertility preservation in the male; e.g. germ cell transplantation or testicular grafting rely on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and may soon become clinical tools to recover

BACKGROUND Small for Gestational Age (SGA) is a complex perinatal syndrome associated with increased neonatal morbidity, mortality, and impaired childhood growth and neurodevelopment. Current classifications rely primarily on birth weight, which does not capture the heterogeneity of the condition nor predict long-term health outcomes. Here we aim to identify and characterise distinct SGA sub-groups

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of medium‐coverage whole genome sequencing (CMA‐seq) for prenatal diagnosis of foetal structural anomalies, and to compare its performance with conventional chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA).DesignA prospective clinical study combined with a systematic meta‐analysis.SettingA tertiary maternal and child health hospital in Chongqing, China.Population

Conflicts of Interest The author declares no conflicts of interest.

ObjectiveTo create and validate a machine learning (ML)‐based model for predicting the adverse perinatal outcome (APO) in foetal growth restriction (FGR) at diagnosis.DesignA retrospective study.SettingMulti‐centre in China.PopulationPregnancies affected by FGR.MethodsWe enrolled singleton foetuses with a perinatal diagnosis of FGR who were admitted between January 2021 and November 2023. A total of

Fox, C. and Shennan, A. (2025), Predicting Preterm Birth: An Evolving Landscape. BJOG, 132: 672–673. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.18067 Author affiliation needs to be corrected. Dr. Caroline Fox affiliations should be: Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK We apologize for this error.

BACKGROUND Recent evidence from the Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy (CHAP) trial demonstrates that treatment of even mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy reduces the risk of severe adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes. Black patients are disproportionately affected by hypertension-related morbidity during pregnancy. Outside of pregnancy, substantial racial and ethnic differences

OBJECTIVE To estimate whether breastfeeding is associated with the estimated risk of long-term atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and whether this association varies with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis from the prospective HAPO (Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome) Follow-Up Study. The exposure was any breastfeeding (yes or no)

OBJECTIVE To compare prophylactic oral cephalexin and metronidazole with placebo for 48 hours after cesarean delivery following membrane rupture on the frequency of composite infection morbidity postpartum among pregnant individuals with obesity. METHODS This randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted at two medical centers from August 2017 to August 2023. We enrolled women with obesity

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between patient-reported social needs and birth outcomes in a large cohort of pregnant people after implementation of a universal screening program. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort evaluation of a quality-improvement initiative including 20,480 pregnant people who had social determinants of health screening during pregnancy between May 2021 and July

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the environmental effects and cost of four different uterine manipulators using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. METHODS Life cycle assessment, which evaluates the environmental effects of a product or process throughout its life cycle, including production, use, and disposal, was performed on a reusable stainless-steel manipulator, two disposable manipulators, and

Cervical cancer remains a preventable yet significant public health concern, particularly among rural, racial and ethnic minority, and LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer+) populations who are more likely to be unscreened or underscreened. The recent draft guidance by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force of human papillomavirus (HPV) self-collection for cervical cancer screening offers

Complaints of brain fog, mood changes, and sleep disruption are common in the menopause transition. These symptoms can negatively affect overall health, quality of life, productivity, and relationships. This narrative review addresses the epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and treatment options associated with changes in cognition, mood, and sleep during the menopause transition. The goal is to help

OBJECTIVE To describe the current and future use of vaginal hysterectomy in the United States for benign indications. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study using data from the PINC AI Healthcare Database, we analyzed patients who underwent hysterectomy for benign indications from 2006 to 2020. Hysterectomy was classified as abdominal, vaginal, or minimally invasive (laparoscopic or robotic-assisted)

OBJECTIVE To estimate the association between doula support and cesarean delivery compared with standard of care. DATA SOURCES We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing in-person intrapartum doula support with standard care. We searched studies published in Ovid Medline, Embase.com, Scopus, Cochrane Central, and ClinicalTrials.gov before

In this serial cross-sectional study of more than 4,500 hospitals identified in the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample, the annual number of obstetric care-providing hospitals decreased by 231, from 2,895 to 2,664, corresponding to an 8.0% decrease over the 7-year period from 2016 to 2022 (Ptrend<.001). The Midwest region (11

ObjectiveTo evaluate virtual reality (VR) as a distraction technique to diminish pain perception and improve satisfaction in patients who underwent an outpatient hysteroscopy (OH).DesignA prospective, parallel group, 1:1 randomised controlled trial.SettingSpanish University Hospital.SampleA total of 120 patients between 18 and 70 years old underwent an OH.MethodA total of 120 patients were randomly

Between 2020 and 2022 in the United Kingdom (UK), there were 45 maternal deaths from venous thromboembolism (VTE), out of more than 2 million maternities. This occurred despite extensive risk assessment and prescribing of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) thromboprophylaxis, alongside clinicians' overestimate of risk and commitment to the cause. Whilst every maternal death is a tragedy, the challenge

ObjectiveTo assess foetal myocardial deformation in normo‐oxygenated foetuses in early labour and its relationship with intrapartum outcomes.DesignSingle centre prospective study.SettingReferral tertiary maternity unit.PopulationUncomplicated singleton term pregnancies in early labour.MethodsTwo‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound clips of the 4‐chamber view of the foetal heart were collected in labour and

To examine the variation in stillbirth rates between different ethnic and socioeconomic groups within each organisational hospital group (health trust).

BACKGROUND In monochorionic pregnancies, elevated middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) in one twin is a key marker of fetal anemia, notably in TAPS, but may also occur spontaneously in sIUGR, owing to brain-sparing mechanisms or in the context of TTTS particularly following laser therapy. Distinguishing between these etiologies remains challenging, complicating clinical management

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OBJECTIVE Mouse models, human testicular tissue models, and clinical intervention studies have suggested that the RANKL-inhibitor denosumab, normally used to treat osteoporosis, can improve semen quality in a sub-population of infertile men. This trial aimed to determine whether denosumab could improve sperm concentration in infertile men selected by serum AMH ≥ 38 pmol/L. DESIGN A double-blinded,

OBJECTIVE To study if there is an increasing risk of poor reproductive outcomes associated with age in IVF patients using donor oocytes and when it becomes clinically relevant. DESIGN Multicenter, retrospective cohort study SUBJECTS: IVF patients ≥35 years at 19 private fertility clinics in Spain. EXPOSURE A single day 5 embryo from a donor oocyte (<35 years) transferred to the IVF patient undergoing

This month’s Views and Reviews opens a window to the future. What lies on the horizon for assisted reproduction and gamete/embryo biology? We focus on in vitro gametogenesis and germline editing. Czukiewska et al. reviewed the current state of the science of female germ cell development. This well-supported section recognizes the progress made and the unique aspect of oogenesis that makes full maturation

OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness and safety of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone antagonist (GnRHant) protocols in vitrified donor oocyte cycles and expand the current evidence on their clinical outcomes DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study SUBJECTS: This study included 14,981 recipients who received vitrified oocytes coming from 3,599 donors stimulated with MPA

ObjectiveTo explore associations between measures of structural racism and stillbirth.DesignPopulation‐based cross‐sectional.SettingNew York City (NYC), USA.PopulationAll non‐Hispanic Black and White singleton births 2009–2018.MethodsWe modelled associations between measures of structural racism (Indices of Dissimilarity, Isolation and Concentration at the Extremes [ICE] and an Educational Inequity

BACKGROUND Medical termination of pregnancy (using mifepristone and misoprostol) is a commonly performed health intervention. High quality cohort studies are warranted to investigate the association of second-trimester medical termination of pregnancy and subsequent pregnancy outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the risk of subsequent spontaneous preterm birth following second trimester medical

Cervical excision via cold knife conization is recommended in circumstances such as adenocarcinoma-in-situ or predominantly endocervical high-grade dysplasia. A successful cold knife conization involves visualization, targeting of the pathology, obtaining an unfragmented specimen, and consideration of post-excision endocervical curettage. This video demonstrates cold knife conization techniques to

Male infertility poses a substantial clinical challenge, affecting 8-12% of couples worldwide. The underlying causes of this condition range from cancer treatments to congenital disorders. The present approach to fertility preservation entails the cryopreservation of sperm for post-pubertal males. However, this method offers limited options for prepubertal patients and those with non-obstructive azoospermia

OBJECTIVE To verify the anti-Müllerian hormone cut-off (3.2 ng/mL) for the determination of polycystic ovarian morphology as part of the latest polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosis in an independent prospective cohort of women of reproductive age. DESIGN A prospective, population-based, non-interventional study. SUBJECTS Women enrolled in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, and women born in the

OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between vanishing twin syndrome (VTS) and adverse neonatal outcomes in singleton live births resulting from frozen embryo transfer (FET) cycles. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SUBJECTS This retrospective study involved a total of 14,583 women who underwent FET cycles and resulted in a live singleton newborn from January 2015 to June 2022. EXPOSURE Women

STUDY QUESTION Is it feasible to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) in cryopreserved testicular tissue (TT) from (pre)pubertal boys diagnosed with acute leukemia using molecular biology techniques? SUMMARY ANSWER This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of detecting MRD in cryopreserved TT, which could guide the choice of the safest techniques for fertility restoration. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

STUDY QUESTION Are serum estradiol and progesterone levels higher in women treated with programmed cycle (PC) FET compared to women treated with a gonadotrophin-stimulated (gSC) FET or a modified natural cycle (mNC) FET during early pregnancy? SUMMARY ANSWER Estradiol and progesterone levels are higher on the day of embryo transfer in women treated with PC compared to those treated with a mNC or gSC

Disclosure AI Detectors Used: GPTZero: https://gptzero.me; Quillbot: https://quillbot.com; Scribbr: https://www.scribbr.com/ai-detector; Surfer: https://surferseo.com/ai-content-detector (Accessed 2 April 2025).

ObjectiveTo analyse prescribing trends for oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in Wales from 1996 to 2023, including predictors of discontinuation within one year of initiation.DesignObservational study using the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank.SettingPrimary and secondary care data from Wales, encompassing 86% of the population.PopulationAnnual HRT prescription