Rainfed rice fields are among the primary rice ecosystems in many Asian countries, including Thailand. High variability in rainfall amount and its distribution under climate change and climate variability, such as El Niño, has made this rice ecosystem highly vulnerable. Here, we report the impacts of El Niño on methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), energy exchanges, and grain yield in a

Major shifts in the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) are evident in a U-Th-dated composite δ18O record from Kailash Cave (KGC) in central India. The composite oxygen isotope record combines previously published data with the present data from sample KG-1, ranging in age from 14.62 to 12.97 thousand year before the Present (1950) (kyr BP), during the Bølling-Allerød (B-A) interstadials. Petrographic analysis

The long-term climate stability of the Earth has been attributed to the negative feedback between the rate of CO2-consuming silicate weathering and the partial pressure of atmospheric CO2. It is generally believed that the capability of silicate weathering in feedbacking climate is mainly associated with the rapid-eroding mountains where fresh bedrock adequately exposes. In contrast, the slow-eroding

The Neogene evolution of the Asian monsoon and East Asian silicate weathering remains debated. Previous reconstructions of the silicate weathering intensity (SWI) from the Asian interior and the South China Sea have shown a notable long-term decrease since the mid-Miocene, which has been attributed primarily to global cooling. However, considerable geologic evidence indicates that uplift of the northern

The Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) recurrence is a prominent feature during the last glaciation, yet its characteristics during older glacial periods remain unclear. Here, we present a precisely-dated, high-resolution stalagmite record from Luoshui Cave in central China, revealing millennial- and centennial-scale variability of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) during 146–136.6 ka BP (before 1950 CE). The isotopic

The North Equatorial Current (NEC) is an essential part of the global warm pool and plays a key role in the subtropical and tropical circulation systems of the North Pacific. As the current is transported from east to west, significant changes in the structure and function of the associated ecosystem are expected. However, the complexity of the current systems and the region's remote location far from

It is widely accepted that the horizontal tectonic forces and lateral rheological contrast control the strain localization and, consequently, the evolution of mountain ranges. However, in active orogenesis involving massive surface materials redistribution, to what extent and in which way do surface processes and strong contrast in vertical rheological properties manage the stress transmission and

Until recently, the spatial-temporal changes and driving factors of vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) in global marsh wetlands remain unclear. Based on climate and MODIS NPP data, this study investigated the spatial-temporal variations of NPP and their response to climate variations in global marshes. The results indicated that annual NPP of global unchanged marshes showed a significant upward

Alpine ecosystems are critical components of the global carbon cycle, not only because they store substantial organic carbon, but also due to their high sensitivity to climate change, which has garnered considerable scientific interest. However, under ongoing climate warming, the dynamics and underlying mechanisms of alpine soil organic carbon (SOC) are not yet quantified, thereby introducing uncertainties

Climate warming was considered the primary driver of the advanced vegetation green-up onset date (VGD) in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the continuous advancement of VGD at the hemispheric scale during the hiatus in spring warming remains unexplained. Using high-quality satellite and multiple environmental datasets, we revealed two causes of VGD advancement during 2000–2014 (a period when a warming

Highly reactive iron (FeHR) oxyhydroxides in atmosphere dust play a critical role in determining the bioavailability of dust-derived iron in the ocean, thereby exerting substantial control over open-ocean biogeochemistry. However, the FeHR content in atmosphere dust exhibits significant variability across different landscapes, and the underlying factors contributing to this variability remain poorly

The radiative and thermal properties of the land surface are associated with its moisture content. It is necessary to advance our understanding about how changes in the exchange of water and energy fluxes between land and atmosphere shape the regional hydroclimate. This study employs the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with water tracer enabled to simulate atmospheric responses to a “wetter” Australia

Biogenic sulfide compounds, including dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), play a critical role in climate feedback and global sulfur cycles. Although the impact of mesoscale eddies on marine ecosystems is well established, their influence on sulfide compounds remains unclear. This study investigates the spatial distribution and key sink-source processes

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a dramatic climatic event characterized by substantial perturbation of the carbon cycle and environmental crisis in the Cenozoic. Although astronomical forcing has been proposed as a mechanism of these changes, its precise influence on carbon cycle dynamics and climate feedbacks during the PETM remain insufficiently constrained. To address this gap, developing

Chemical weathering and secondary mineral formation, both of which involve Ca cycling, are intricately linked to the carbon cycle. However, the impact of these geochemical processes on Ca cycling, particularly through secondary carbonate formation in terrestrial environments, remains poorly understood. In this study, we analysed Ca isotopic compositions in the Upper Yellow River, northeastern Tibetan

The hydroclimate evolution of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the Pliocene warm period, not clearly understood presently, is insightful for predicting its trends in future global warming. Here, we present paired biomarker records from northern South China Sea (SCS) Pliocene sediments, reconstructing sea surface temperature (SST) via TEX86 proxy and terrestrial humidity through leaf wax

The high-accumulation-rate eolian deposits in the eastern Hexi Corridor retain invaluable archives of rapid climatic fluctuations in the transition zone between the northwestern Chinese Loess Plateau, the Tengger Desert, and the northern foothills of the Qilian Mountains. High-resolution mineral magnetic and bulk grain size analyses for the Shagou loess–paleosol sequences since the last interglacial

Information on the magnitude of dust emissions in source areas is critical for understanding the Asian dust cycles. However, high-resolution records representing the intensity of dust entrainment are scarce, primarily due to intense wind erosion in source areas. Here, based on measurements of multiple proxies from peat deposits, including ash flux, grain size, elemental compositions, and lead and neodymium

The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME; ∼252 Ma), known as the largest extinction event during the Phanerozoic Eon, provides a critical case study to understand the impacts of anthropogenic climate change. The warming associated with the EPME was likely triggered by the emissions of large quantities of CO2 during the eruption of the voluminous Siberian Traps (ST) volcanism, which eliminated 80 to 90 %

Major environmental changes were occurring when the first modern humans arrived in South America during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. How these changes shaped human-environmental interactions across this period remains unclear. We analyzed the stratigraphy, biogeochemistry, and paleoclimatic models of the Ancient Tagua Tagua Lake (ATTL) in central Chile, one of the few continuous records of

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Southeast Asia was characterized by the exposure of a vast landmass known as Sundaland, which emerged from the continental shelf. This newly available area may have facilitated the proliferation of vegetation, potentially enhancing carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. The ongoing controversy regarding previous interpretations of “savanna corridors (C4-rich grassland corridors)”

Dunes react quickly to climatic changes, with the main drivers being the dominating wind regime (e.g. magnitude and direction), precipitation, and temperature. Furthermore, human impact can alter dune movement by fixation of active dunes through greening projects, or reactivation of fixed dunes through overgrazing or neglect of former human structures. The northeastern Tibetan Plateau shows a high

Speleothem Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios have emerged as important hydroclimate proxies due to their geochemical responses under uniform hydrological conditions. However, inconsistent Sr/Ca-Mg/Ca patterns in individual or coeval speleothems within cave systems complicate hydroclimate reconstructions, highlighting the complexities in the controls of Sr-Mg compositions. Recent advances in cave monitoring and

Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) enriched deep-sea sediments are promising mineral resources that are associated with apatite and Fe-Mn (hydro)oxides. With terrestrial REY resources dwindling, attention has shifted towards these essential elements within the deep-sea sediment. Here, we review existing literatures on the REY data from deep-sea sediments of all oceans. Based on the average REY content

Dust aerosols in Central Asia significantly shape global climate change through their optical, microphysical, and radiative properties. This study uses MERRA-2 and CALIPSO data from 2007 to 2021 to examine the dust budget and vertical diffusion patterns via empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The clear sky aerosol radiative forcing (ADRF) of dust aerosol is also investigated to evaluate the

Climate extremes exert detrimental influences on the water retention capacity and carbon sequestration functions of forest ecosystems. However, the response mechanisms of carbon–water cycles and their coupling relationships to climate extremes remain unclear. To address these issues, we investigated in an evergreen forest ecosystem located in Southern China, with comprehensive datasets and machine

The Himalayan Mountains exhibit extreme topography, with the highest peaks and most incised rivers on earth. Rapid uplift, surface erosion and geomorphological changes have been taking place in the Himalaya throughout the late Cenozoic. Although the interactions among tectonics, climate, and surface erosion have been intensively studied over the past several decades, the landscape evolution and formation

The water-rock interaction has a significant impact on reconstructing climatic and environmental changes using loess deposits. Lithium isotopes (δ7Li) are important tracers to track this process. This study examined the Li contents and δ7Li values of different phases (water, weak acid leachate and residue were recorded as [Li]water, [Li]leachate, [Li]residue, δ7Liwater, δ7Lileachate and δ7Liresidue)

Continental rock weathering exerts negative feedback on global warming by removing atmospheric CO2, with carbonate weathering being an important component of terrestrial carbon sinks. The fast kinetics of carbonate weathering leads the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), which is rich in carbonate minerals, to contribute greater HCO3− loads as the karst area. Therefore, carbonate weathering-related carbon

Silicate weathering sustains the habitability of the Earth via regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations and nutrient supply over geological time scales. So far, it lacks an effective tracer for silicate weathering. Riverine Li isotopes are proposed as a promising tracer as silicate weathering intensity, but the evaporite contribution to riverine Li+ remains poorly constrained, shaking its root as

Peatlands are vital carbon sinks and unique ecosystems which are highly sensitive to global climate change. Predicting their spatial distribution under current and future climate scenarios is essential for effective conservation and management. In this study, we developed an ensemble model using multiple algorithms to predict the dynamic distribution of suitable peatland areas in Northeast China under

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), along with charcoal, are key indicators of wildfires in the geological record. This study explores the distribution of PAHs in charcoal and fusinite-rich sedimentary rocks from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods. During the Upper Triassic, conifers were the main source of biomass for forest fires. In contrast, in the Lower Jurassic, almost all main

Negative organic sedimentary nitrogen isotope excursions are a common feature of sedimentary records spanning the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). These excursions likely reflect global-scale perturbations of the marine nitrogen cycle. However, most EPME sections offer too little stratigraphic resolution to assess the timing, nature, and local ecological impacts of these disruptions. The Penglaitan

Weathering indices derived from bulk sediment geochemistry are inevitably affected by inherited signatures from recycled sedimentary rocks. Therefore, characterizing and evaluating the impacts of sedimentary recycling becomes critically important. The proportion of labile REEs in river sediments holds promise in meeting this requirement. This is because the presence of labile REEs are primarily influenced

The Pliocene has been considered a possible palaeoclimate analogue for over four decades and is often referred to as the “best” analogue for the end-of-century future. Using elements of a newly proposed palaeoclimate analogy framework, we critically assess the Pliocene as an analogue for our warmer future using data from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) and Shared Socioeconomic

Marine sinking particles serve as hotspots for microbial colonization and activity, with diverse microbes co-consuming particulate organic matter (POM) to recover essential nutrients. However, the interaction patterns between such diverse and complex microbial communities and its possible impact on the marine biological carbon pump (BCP) remains unclear. Here we analyze snapshots of microbial community

Herein are presented the results of a detailed stratigraphic calibration and palaeoenvironmental studies performed in the upper Tithonian–lowermost Valanginian deposits of the Vocontian Basin (SE France), with special attention being paid to the Clue de Taulanne section. Integration of calpionellid biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and δ13C stratigraphy, supplemented with regional correlations,

In February 2023, the Antarctic Sea ice extent (SIE) reached a historic low of 1.7 million km2, which was 43 % lower than the monthly average extent recorded since 1979. This marked the second consecutive year of record lows, surpassing the minimum SIE from the previous year. Our study aims to understand the atmospheric and oceanic factors from September 2022 to August 2023 that contributed to these

Studying modern pollen rain in Middle Asia is crucial for understanding past climate and vegetation changes. This study presents the first dataset of pollen surface samples and vegetation plots from Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, known as the Tajikistan and Uzbekistan Surface Data Base (TUSDB), to enhance our understanding of past climate and vegetation changes in Arid Central Asia (ACA). Multivariate

A thermal maximum in the West Pacific Warm Pool, with La Nin∼a-like conditions prevailing during the early Holocene, triggered frequent and intensive typhoons affecting Taiwan Island. However, no studies have conclusively demonstrated whether fluvial inputs affected the deposition of terrigenous organic matter (OM) in deep-sea sediments during early interglacial carbonate-dilution events. This study

The impacts of shifting temperature and precipitation on vegetation dynamics in water-limited alpine ecosystems have been well-studied. However, there is a limited understanding of spatial variations in the carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect (CFE) on these systems. Here, using the MODIS normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), meteorological and CO2 gridded datasets from 2000 to 2022,

Chemical weathering of silicates serves as an important carbon sink, with profound implications for global climate change and carbon cycling. In large river basins, the complex topography and varied climate within the basin make it challenging to quantitatively characterize the weathering features in the river basin. To study the weathering characteristics in large river basin, which is the Changjiang

Earth has experienced three complete icehouse-greenhouse turnovers in the Phanerozoic, with the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) recognized as the last and most extreme icehouse. The nature, scale and dynamics of the LPIA are characterized by periods of intense glaciation, which are often interrupted by short-lived (1–2 Myrs) intervals associated with ice-free or distal from ice conditions. In this study

Complex slab tearing mechanisms are often associated with a lateral transition from continental indentation to subduction of oceanic or thinned continental lithosphere. These geodynamic conditions lead to the formation of crustal transfer zones associated with significant strain partitioning. A key area to study such mechanisms is the transition between the Dinarides and Hellenides mountain chains

Near-surface wind speed (NSWS) is one of the most important factors shaping local terrain and geomorphological features, and its variations have significant environmental impacts, strongly influencing global dune dynamics and dust emissions. In recent years, the reduction in wind speed may have mitigated drought stress induced by rising temperatures, further weakening dust emissions. In this study

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an important modulator of the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), but their teleconnection has been unstable during the instrumental era. Due to the short duration of instrumental records, we utilized paleoclimate records to investigate the EASM-ENSO teleconnection over the past 700 years. Building upon an established paleoclimate data assimilation method —

The atmospheric CO2 content has been discussed as one of the major factors influencing global climate. In the framework of the deep ocean forming the main reservoir of carbon dioxide, the Southern Ocean plays a crucial role in partitioning carbon between the atmosphere and the deep ocean. The processes resulting in the variability of atmospheric CO2 and carbon uptake in the deep ocean have not yet

Coral reef islands are highly vulnerable habitats to global warming. The projection of future coral reef evolution is challenging due to insufficient sedimentary records. In the southern South China Sea (SCS), numerous coral islands require a thorough understanding of their Holocene depositional history to inform predictive models. This study addresses this gap by determining the depositional history

The existing depictions of Holocene moisture variations in the Altai Mountains and the surrounding areas (i.e., the examined area) remain controversial. This study quantitatively reconstructed 16 mean annual precipitation (Pann) sequences from available fossil pollen datasets (3 sequences of our own and 13 sequences from external datasets) and combined them with 13 already available Pann sequences

The atmospheric and soil droughts have exerted substantial effects on vegetation productivity, and generally occur simultaneously due to land-atmospheric feedback. However, the temporal changes in vegetation response to soil droughts, atmospheric droughts, and their compound droughts remain largely unknown. Using vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil moisture (SM), and two vegetation indexes including

Permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau is well-documented and expected to continue throughout this century. However, the impact of thawing permafrost on the greenness, distribution, composition, and resilience of vegetation in this region is not well understood. In this study, we combined a transient numerical permafrost model with machine learning algorithms to project the near-future thermal

Historical climatologies of tropical cyclones have been constructed for five of the Earth's seven tropical cyclone basins and this reappraisal for the southeastern Indian Ocean moves a step closer to completing a global compilation for the 19th and 20th centuries. The need for longer-term climatologies is especially pronounced in our case-study region in the southwest area of Western Australia, where

In this study, flood susceptibility maps were produced for district Nowshera by using Geographic Information System (GIS)-based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Bivariate Statistical Frequency Ratio (FR) models. This study analyses twelve Hydro-geomorphological flood conditioning factors selected based on the scale and characteristics of the study area

The enigmatic Ediacaran ice age bridged the extreme Cryogenian Snowball Earth glaciations and the Cambrian Explosion, and witnessed the emergence of the Ediacara biota, the earliest complex macroscopic life forms in Earth's history. However, due to the lack of precise geochronological and paleomagnetic data, the temporal and spatial distributions of Ediacaran glaciations remain controversial. It is

The history and spatial variations of hydroclimatic change in East Asia during the transition from the middle to late Holocene remain inadequately understood. Furthermore, the impacts of these hydroclimatic changes on ancient civilizations across various regions of eastern China have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we utilize precisely dated multi-proxy stalagmite records from Yuwang Cave

In response to the occurrence of several large wildfire events across the world in recent years, the question of the extent to which climate change may be altering the meteorological conditions conducive to wildfires has become a hot topic of debate. Despite the development of detection and attribution methodologies for climate change impact assessment in the last decade, studies dedicated explicitly

Changes in vegetation have pronounced effects on water and carbon cycles. In the past few decades with significant warming, vegetation in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has become overall greening, particularly in its northeastern part. However, the effects of these changes on land-atmosphere water and carbon exchanges in the TP remain insufficiently understood. Here, we use a water‑carbon coupled model

Estimates of past surface elevations are essential for understanding the evolution of the Earth's physiography and biodiversity distribution. Stable isotope paleoaltimetry is widely used to infer paleoelevation due to a robust systematic inverse relationship between elevation and isotopic composition (δ18O, δD) of meteoric waters (i.e., isotopic lapse rate). The difference in δ18O of paleo-meteoric