Satellite Precipitation Products (SPPs) provide near real-time precipitation estimates on a global scale at finer spatial resolutions, facilitating data over remote and inaccessible regions. Despite the efficiency in data acquisition, the potential application of SPPs to weather monitoring, environmental surveillance, and disaster response is still challenging due to systematic and random errors. This

This study investigates the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) heat budget over the urban and rural areas in Beijing during a heat wave (HW) event in Jun 2020, using potential temperature tendency outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Validations against observational and reanalysis data show that the WRF model effectively captured the HW event and the urban heat island (UHI)

The study aimed to assess the impact of blocking situations (BS) on maximum air temperature (Tmax) and the daily sum of solar radiation (DSSR) in Poland during the summer months (June–August) from 1971 to 2023. The results indicate an increasing trend in the frequency of BS days, particularly in southern Poland, with statistically significant upward tendencies. However, multi-decadal variability is

Using time-resolved spectra of five return strokes for three tall-object lightning events obtained from the Tall-Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG), with especially one frame of the spectrum was captured before the current was fully transmitted to the top of the channel, the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics of the total intensities of ionic and neutral atomic lines in the

Snow plays a critical role in global climatic, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes. As a result, snow droughts have gained considerable attention in recent research in the context of global climate change. However, there are few studies on the long-term variations in global snow droughts. Therefore, we analyzed the trend of global snow droughts from 1951 to 2021 using the Snow Water Equivalent

The Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) is one of essential atmospheric parameters, its prediction accuracy and completeness are significant for meteorological researches and climate applications. The nonlinearity and instability of PWV time series are not considered in the most PWV prediction models. In the paper, a new PWV prediction model was proposed combining the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA)

Using a methodology for the estimation of coarse particle exchanges via Doppler lidar, based on the eddy covariance technique, profiles of vertical transport velocities were derived and analyzed. The methodology was tested across diverse atmospheric conditions in two different Mediterranean dryland landscapes in Southeastern Spain, namely Guadiana-UGR (extensive, inland olive grove), and Aguamarga

The eruption of the underwater volcano Hunga Tonga – Hunga Ha'apai (20.54° S, 178.3° W) on January 15, 2022, resulted in the first significant increase in the stratospheric water vapor content in the entire satellite observation era. This affects the radiation balance of the atmosphere, as well as its composition, including the ozone layer. In particular, in the winter stratospheric polar vortex, an

This study comprehensively evaluates the performance of ERA5 and MERRA-2 reanalysis datasets in representing key meteorological parameters consisting of air temperature, mean sea level pressure, and relative humidity across Türkiye between 2010 and 2023. By comparing reanalysis data to observations from 116 meteorological stations, the analysis provides critical insights into their spatial and seasonal

The Western Tibetan Vortex (WTV) is a large-scale atmospheric circulation pattern recognized from monthly data. It has a quasi-barotropic structure, with its center located over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) and provides the leading mode of variability of the western TP atmospheric circulation. However, existing research on the WTV mainly focuses on its interannual and seasonal variability, lacking

The Mentawai Islands, located in the eastern Indian Ocean approximately 150 km west of Sumatera, experience precipitation patterns heavily influenced by the eastward propagation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). This study investigates the impact of the MJO on local precipitation patterns, with a specific focus on diurnal cycles, during the rainy season (November–March, NDJFM). The analysis is

Spatially and temporally enhanced satellite precipitation products (SPPs) from the GPM mission offer a viable alternative to ground-based measurements. Although the SPPs have been extensively evaluated at specific time scales, such as hourly and daily, the temporally continuity feature of precipitation events is often overlooked. This study assessed and intercompared the performance of six GPM hourly

Single-layer Stratiform clouds (Sc), as the most common cloud system for stratiform clouds, plays an important role in global radiative balance due to their duration and extensive coverage. However, there are still substantial uncertainties in their formation and radiative forcing. In this paper, we use the Cloudsat 2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR product from 2007 to 2010 to distinguish it from other cloud types

Atmospheric ammonium (NH₄+), a key component formed through complex chemical reactions and particulate transformations involving nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) and ammonia (NH₃), plays a critical role in climate dynamics, ecological balance, and human health. Understanding the vertical distribution of NH₄+ is essential for comprehensively characterizing regional aerosol patterns. However, the lack of systematic

Using radar observation data together with ERA5 reanalysis data, this study exposes the mesocyclone characteristics of supercells associated with extreme flash heavy rainfall (FHR, hourly rainfall intensity ≥50 mm) in Jiangsu Province of China during 2020–2021, and reveals their differences from other severe supercells associated with convective hazards such as hail, gales and tornadoes. The results

The present study investigates the temporal variation in the connection between Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) and Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) during 1980–2023. The ISMR shows an insignificant correlation with the preceding October–November–December–January (OND(−1)J(0)) Greenland Sea SIC (GSSIC) during 1980–2001, whereas the relationship turns to be significant positive during 2002–2023

Atmospheric heatwave events have substantial socioeconomic impacts, which have been widely studied under global climate change. This study investigates the characteristics and differences between long-lived and short-lived heatwave events (LHWs and SHWs). First, we identify heatwave events over the Western North America (WNA) over 1981–2022 and categorize them based on the 90th percentile of their

This study examines the mean annual cycles of monthly cumulated fog-water amounts (CFW) in the central Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula (MIP), highlighting the interplay between meteorological conditions, topography, and geographic location. Seasonal asymmetry in fog-water collection is evident, with summer exhibiting higher fog collection frequency but lower water volumes. In contrast, non-summer seasons

This study investigated the spatiotemporal variation and long-range transport characteristics of atmospheric speciated mercury (ASM) along the West and East Channels surrounding Taiwan Island toward the South China Sea (SCS) in East Asia. Field sampling was conducted at three remote island sites, and potential sources of ASM were examined using backward trajectory clustering and regional fire maps

The Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), a satellite sensor has been in orbit for over 40 years, providing remote sensing images before 2000 and there is considerable room for improvement in the accuracy of current air temperature (Ta) inversions based on AVHRR to obtain accurate long-term Ta data before 2000. Here, we aim to estimate daily average (Tave), maximum (Tmax), and minimum (Tmin)

Typhoon-induced heavy rainfall can lead to severe flooding, causing significant damage to social systems. Although machine learning (ML) offers an efficient approach for typhoon rainfall forecasting, individual models often exhibit considerable uncertainty. To address this, this study proposes a robust typhoon rainfall forecasting model based on Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) with four ML models including

With rapid urbanization, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region has experienced intensifying greenhouse effects due to increases in global carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. Therefore, studying the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of CO2 concentrations and understanding the causes of regional climate change have become crucial. Although previous studies have focused on calculating regional carbon

Anthropogenic influence have led to an increase in the frequency of compound dry and hot events (CDHEs) globally under the background of global warming. However, there is limited research on the extent of anthropogenic influence on the spatial extent of CDHEs. Our analysis, focusing on the changes in the affected area of CDHEs across the global land during the warm season from 1961 to 2013, indicates

Cold air outbreaks (CAOs) are phenomena that occur across high latitudes during winter months and favor the development of extensive boundary layer clouds. As the boundary layer evolves, changes in cloud morphology often result in a stratocumulus to cumulus transition (SCT). The onset of precipitation is considered to be a key factor that leads to the break-up of the stratocumulus deck. In this modeling

Due to the scarcity of measured precipitation data in arid zones and the numerous factors affecting the uncertainty of precipitation data from multiple sources, understanding precipitation patterns is limited, and drought monitoring is constrained. Whereas water vapor content is closely related to precipitation, changes in water vapor can be an important indicator of drought development. Therefore

This study investigates the impact of aerosol component data assimilation on air quality forecasting using the WRF-Chem model coupled with a 3DVAR framework and Observation System Simulation Experiments(OSSE). Four observation network configurations(27 km, 100 km, 270 km, and full-density 2016 stations) were tested to evaluate how spatial resolution and station density influence the simulation of six

This study presents a stacking machine learning (SML) model for vertical adjustment of precipitable water vapor (PWV), addressing missing water vapor information near the surface in radio occultation (RO) profiles and enhancing the accuracy of PWV estimation from RO data. The model is trained and validated using more than 1500 ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations and more

Arctic marine fog is a severe disastrous weather characterized by drastically reduced visibility, and its occurrence often poses great challenges to navigation and aviation. Accurate measurement of the characteristics of the Arctic marine fog plays a significant role in improving the accuracy of marine fog forecasts in the Arctic region. The Vaisala CL31 ceilometer, with its high sensitivity to liquid

Severe thunderstorm gales are the predominant meteorological phenomena associated with convective storms. Accurately estimating the extreme wind speed of thunderstorm gales (ESTG) is crucial for both forecasting services and disaster investigations related to severe convective weather. This paper proposes a method for estimating the ESTG based on dual-polarization weather radar hydrometeors classification

Based on the results of numerical simulations, a possible mechanism for the occurrence of a rapid increase in lightning frequency preceding a downburst was investigated according to cloud microphysical processes in mixed-phase areas. To elucidate the mechanism, idealized experiments were conducted targeting multi-cell convective clouds using a meteorological model coupled with a bulk lightning model

During the last decades several gridded climatic datasets have been developed offering thus long-term, continuous, and spatially uniform records of key hydrometeorological parameters. Few studies, however, have rigorously evaluated the accuracy and reliability of these datasets, especially in regions characterized by complex topography and sparse observational data, such as the Mediterranean. Moreover

Reliable and accurate estimation of large-scale evapotranspiration (ET) is fundamental for research in Earth System Science, however, large-scale ET estimation remains a challenge. Bias correction of the land surface model (LSM) simulated ET is a popular approach for providing large-scale, long-term estimations. Previous correction methods often ignore stochastic errors, making them unsuitable for

Drought will cause huge losses to humans. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the factors that control drought, and the changes that cause it in the context of global warming. Although drought is controlled by multiple factors, few studies have comprehensively considered the multiple controlling factors' effects at different time scales. For the Haihe River Basin (northern China), we investigated

Extratropical cyclones (ECs) are large-scale synoptic weather systems characterised by complex mesoscale precipitation-generating features. Unresolved questions remain regarding how their water budget varies depending on the origin of the rainfall. This study aims to address this gap by examining the variability in moisture uptake patterns across EC precipitation structures. To achieve this, 237 cases

The intensification of global change and the escalation of anthropogenic activities have significantly exacerbated drought severity in Central Asia (CA), thereby posing critical challenges to the sustainability of local ecosystems and socioeconomic development. Although current research primarily focuses on changes in drought trends, a comprehensive analysis of the spatiotemporal correlations between

Aerosols significantly influence high cloud microphysical properties, playing a crucial role in Earth's radiation budget. This study introduces an innovative analytical framework that integrates multi-meteorological constraints through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with derivative expansion to disentangle aerosol and ice water content (IWP) effects on high cloud properties. Analyzing satellite

The European summer of 2022 was exceptionally warm in the historical record (since mid-19th century). We show that it was a record-breaking summer at European scales since at least 1500 due to three large-scale atmospheric heatwaves, all concurring with a prolonged dry period over Europe and an intense marine heatwave over the Mediterranean. We evaluate the role of dynamical (atmospheric circulation)

Instead of passively receiving and transmitting air-sea interaction signals from the Pacific Ocean, the view that the Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) significantly influences the climate of neighbouring continents is becoming increasingly accepted. Through the investigation of interannual variations in extreme wet spells (EWS) and their potential causes across three subregions of Southwest China (SWC)

The CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) yield a generally large bias in air temperature simulation over China, necessitating corrections before we can rely on their future projections. In this study, we performed air temperature corrections of 26 CMIP6 GCMs using two methods—bias correction method (BC-correction) and quantile mapping (QM-correction), with the CN05.1 observational data serving as the

The motivation of this research is to contribute to the knowledge about the relationship between the occurrence of lightning and hydrometeors present in storms, through polarimetric observations with meteorological radar and the application of the semi-supervised methodology of Besic et al. (2016) for the classification of hydrometeors. The objective is to develop a linear regression equation that

Understanding the variability of wet and dry spells in the West African Monsoon (WAM) is essential for improving climate prediction and resource management. Using in situ daily rainfall observations from five stations located within the Guinea Coast having at least 99.5 % data record and pass quality control checks. This study examines the characteristics, atmospheric precursors, and large-scale circulation

This study investigates the advantages of employing a nested High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model for simulating highly localized heavy rainfall events over the Indian Himalayan region, characterized by a complex terrain. Accurate weather prediction in such a region necessitates a model configuration that resolves the underlying terrain features, incorporates optimal physics combinations, and

From 2019 to 2022, there were a total of 34 sea fog events in the Bohai Sea, among which sea land breezes (SLB) occurred 17 times (accounting for 50 %). The duration of fog in the presence of SLB ranged from 24 to 40 h, while fog without SLB lasted between 3 and 7 h. The SLB circulation significantly increased the duration of sea fog. Therefore it's necessity to study the impacts of SLB on fog formation

Temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) have been increasing over the past 50 years, with the warming trend accelerating from +0.16 °C/decade between the mid-1980s and 1990s to +0.36 °C/decade from 2000 to 2022. However, the elevation-dependent warming (EDW) on the TP remains controversial, and the driving mechanisms are poorly understood. Utilizing the ERA5-Land dataset, we investigate EDW patterns

Lightning development involves transient events that produce non-stationary, abrupt changes in lightning structure. The most prominent (and most studied) examples of reactivation of lightning side branches are recoil leaders that are initiated near the tips of previously decayed positive leader channels. This study proposes a numerical model that, among other things, takes into account evolution of

The Gálvez-Davison Index (GDI) was developed to enhance forecasting capabilities of tropical convection. This study evaluates the applicability of the GDI in forecasting deep tropical and subtropical convection, particularly in synoptic scale systems, such as the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), and mesoscale phenomena like Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCC). A hybrid methodology was applied

Reliable tropical cyclone (TC) modeling and forecasting requires appropriate selection of physical parameterization schemes. This study focusses on the poleward-moving TCs in the northern East China Sea. Numerical experiments are carried out to examine the sensitivity of modeled TC parameters to different combinations of microphysics (MP), planetary boundary layer (PBL), and cumulus convection (CC)

The acceleration of the global water cycle has led to a remarkable increase in the frequency of extreme disasters such as droughts and floods under changing environment. Drought-flood abrupt alternation (DFAA) events, as compound events more destructive than a single flood and drought event, pose severe threats to the sustainable development of ecosystem and society. This study applied the short-cycle

Low clouds are essential to the energy budget and the hydrological cycle, but simulation of low clouds in most AGCMs (atmospheric general circulation models) remains a challenge. The critical relative humidity (RHc) has great significance for cloud parameterization. Based on diagnostic results of CloudSat/CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) satellite data, we

The general surface temperature is influenced by changes in air temperature and is affected by local factors. The Tibetan Plateau, characterized by its high altitude and intense solar radiation, shows substantial effects related to slope orientation. Slope orientation plays a crucial role in controlling the absorption and reflection of solar radiation, leading to variations in surface temperatures

Utilizing the Asian-Pacific oscillation (APO) index on a daily scale to gain a comprehensive understanding of summer daily rainfall variations and their underlying physical mechanisms is helpful to improve the accuracy of daily rainfall pattern predictions in central-northern China. To address this, we utilized observational 24-h accumulated rainfall data from China and the reanalysis products from

The Pi convection-cloud chamber can generate steady-state turbulence in both rectangular and cylindrical shapes via Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) by maintaining warm bottom and cold top surfaces. Although most experiments in the Pi chamber were conducted in cylindrical shapes, all previous Pi chamber simulations were conducted in a rectangular shape due to the limitations of those models to discretize

An in-depth comparative analysis of hailfall and nonhailfall clouds during a severe storm in Laixi city, Shandong Province, China, is conducted in this study. By integrating radar observations and mesoscale numerical simulations, key distinguishing features between the two cloud types are identified. The results indicate that the strong-echo top height and cloud top height of hailfall clouds are lower

This paper statistically analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics of multiple return strokes cloud-to-ground lightning (MRSCG) parameters in the land and offshore regions of Guangdong Province from 2014 to 2023, based on data from the Guangdong Lightning Location System. The results indicate that, although the proportion of MRSCG in the offshore region (45.66 %) is significantly higher than on

As a vital part of the water tower of Asia, water cycle changes in the Pamir Plateau have significant impacts on the climate of the arid inland regions of Central Asia. Using the high-precision precipitation dataset known as TPHiPr, a significant wetting trend in spring and a drying trend in summer over the Pamir Plateau from 1979 to 2020 is identified in this study. Further analysis reveals that dynamic

The influence of local meteorology on the atmospheric electric field (potential gradient, PG) is examined using 10 years of measurements (January 2012 to December 2021) at Xanthi, northeastern Greece. Seven meteorological parameters that influence PG are examined using a multiple linear regression model to estimate the relationship between these parameters and fair-weather PG. The parameters analyzed

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as a principal air pollutant, stands as one of the key indicators in atmospheric quality monitoring. The spatiotemporal patterns of PM2.5 concentration in Madrid and Valencia during 2013–2022 were obtained from satellite-derived PM2.5 products and ground-based measurements. The peak PM2.5 concentrations occurred in July, August and December in Madrid, showing a geographical

Meteorological droughts have magnitude and migration characteristics due to their spatiotemporal construction. A comprehensive identification of these characteristics and quantification of their dominant factors are crucial for drought risk mitigation and forecasting efforts. However, migration characteristics have often been overlooked in previous studies, and the dominant factors affecting drought