Fault systems of various geometries develop into accretionary wedges to accommodate slip partitioning of plate convergence in oblique settings. However, how they form, evolve and contribute to the segmentation of the megathrust is still poorly understood. The Barbados accretionary wedge, which results from the subduction of the American plates beneath the Caribbean Plate at 2 cm/yr in a southwesterly

We developed a conduit model of magma ascent to the surface, to understand the influence of input parameters like temperature, crystallinity, water content and depth of reservoir on the eruption rate and style of volcanic eruptions. The main novelty of this model over previous ones is that conduit radius, initial overpressure at the conduit inlet and initial bubble number density are not free parameters

Deep long-period earthquakes (DLPs) are often detected near volcanoes from the crust down to the upper mantle. Exhibiting coincidence with volcanic eruptions, DLPs are recognized as potential precursors to volcanic activities yet their detection remains challenging. Meanwhile, their relation to volcanic activities and specific source mechanisms remains uncertain. In this study, we first classify earthquakes

Shallow tectonic tremors near trenches have been detected due to the advancement of offshore observation networks. Traditionally, tremors were identified by cross-correlating envelope waveforms between seismic stations. However, this method has struggled to differentiate tremor signals from earthquakes and sometimes missed tremors during active tremor episodes. Addressing these challenges is crucial

We combined thermal satellite imagery from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instruments to reconstruct the effusion rate trends in terms of Time Averaged Discharge Rate (TADR) of 37 eruptions (2000–2023) at Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion, France). The analysis of quantitative data on durations, locations, final erupted volumes

Step-overs can impede rupture propagation, but if breached, they may generate a large destructive earthquake. By performing dynamic rupture simulations on step-overs in both homogeneous and bi-material media, we demonstrate that the bi-material effect significantly influences the critical jump distance, the maximum jump step width that a rupture can jump across. In the positive direction, which is

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcanic erupted on 15 January 2022, causing Lamb waves to propagate throughout the global troposphere. However, reports on volcanic eruptions–pressure fluctuations and water level dynamics are lacking. We quantified the propagation processes of Lamb waves induced by the Tonga volcanic eruption. Barometric pressure data collected at 1-min intervals at 485 meteorological stations

Stress-induced progressive deformations in fractured rocks with increasing differential stress generally undergo nonlinear elastic (due to crack closure), hyperelastic (due to stress accumulation), and inelastic (due to crack growth) deformations prior to mechanical failure. Wave propagation in such rocks involves the complex interaction of fracture- and stress-induced changes in both velocity and

Abrupt transitions in eruptive style are common at mafic volcanoes, possibly leading to styles that potentially damage infrastructures and threaten the surrounding communities. During the 19th September–13th December 2021 Cumbre Vieja eruption (La Palma, Canary Islands), rapid changes in eruptive style were observed, from vigorous lava fountaining to sporadic intense ash columns, alongside continuous

In the convergence area of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the northwestern South China Sea (SCS), the Beibu Gulf Basin (BGB) has experienced a complex geological evolution profoundly influenced by the lateral extrusion of the India-Asia collision and the rifting of the SCS continental margin. Nonetheless, late Cenozoic basalts are widespread in the BGB following the cessation of

Fluid extraction from sandstone reservoirs leads to reservoir compaction, potentially inducing surface subsidence and seismicity, as observed in the Groningen Gas Field, Netherlands. Such compaction is partly elastic, but can additionally be caused by instantaneous plastic and rate/time-dependent processes, such as subcritical crack growth, meaning that compaction may continue even if production is

No abstract is available for this article.

The mechanical properties of Maastricht Calcarenite, a carbonatic sandstone with high porosity, are investigated through an extensive laboratory program. The mechanical response under different stress conditions, including compression and extension tests, is studied and the influence of anisotropy is investigated. The test results confirm that the mechanical behavior of the rock is highly anisotropic

Risk mitigation in long-dormant volcanic provinces is often hampered by the lack of information about potential eruptive scenarios. It is the case of the Monts Dore volcanic province (France), where the last eruptive sequence occurred about 7,000 years ago in lake Pavin. While the main recent interests focused on potential limnic eruption from the lake due to CO2 storage in the deep-water layer, no

Efficient elastic wave numerical simulation is crucial for ground motion and waveform inversion studies. However, using uniform grids in simulations for models with strong velocity contrast interfaces, thin layers, or ring shapes often leads to spatial oversampling, wasting computational resources and reducing efficiency. To address this challenge, we propose a two-dimensional non-conforming multidomain

Multiphase flow in porous media is fundamental to various geological processes, including carbon capture, geothermal energy production, and enhanced oil recovery. However, the role of fluid properties and surface wettability in determining displacement patterns during flow remains not fully understood. This study addresses this gap by examining the effects of fluid viscosity and wettability on two-phase

The southern Kuril Trench subduction zone experienced a M9-class megathrust earthquake in the 17th century, and another is highly probable within the next 30 years. This earthquake likely exhibited large coseismic slip at the shallower plate boundary fault, causing a devastating tsunami, while the deeper plate boundary experienced smaller slip, similar to the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake. To investigate

Documenting and characterizing past submarine landslides is fundamental to understanding their distribution and frequency through time, and critical to assessing the associated hazard. The widespread availability of marine geophysical data at the active Hikurangi subduction margin, east of Aotearoa New Zealand, provides an excellent basis to map regional trends in landslide occurrence. We present a

Seismic ambient noise cross-correlation is applied to retrieve the deep P-wave reflections from the upper mantle discontinuities for a newly deployed dense seismic array in Northeast China. Our results reveal a ∼15 km depression of the 410-km discontinuity and a “pit-like” topography with a localized depression about 28 km on the 660-km discontinuity, which is confirmed by receiver functions analysis

To understand ophiolite emplacement mechanisms in New Caledonia, southwest Pacific, we image crustal and lithospheric structures beneath southern Grande Terre, using seismic waveform data from a network (ITOPNC) of permanent and temporary stations (October 2018–November 2019). Surface wave dispersion indicates a 1–2 km thick ophiolite nappe on top of sedimentary basins beneath the east and west coasts

Seismic anisotropy of the Earth's mantle has been mostly attributed to crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) generated during subduction and convection of an anhydrous mantle. But some hydrous phases are also stable at mantle conditions. Here we present results from diamond-anvil cell deformation experiments at high pressure and temperature on hydrous phases Egg [AlSiO3(OH)], δ [AlO(OH)] and

Fractures and faults represent planes of weakness and compliance in rock masses that serve as focal points for both microearthquakes and fluid transport, with seismicity and permeability evolution closely linked. Contact stiffness is highly stress-sensitive and directly influences permeability. We explore the co-evolution of specific stiffness and permeability of rough fractures under normal stress

Collapse calderas result from subsidence of a magma reservoir roof during large-volume eruptions. Whilst calderas form in various tectonic settings, it is unclear how regional (“far-field”) forces influence caldera fault nucleation, orientation and architecture. Furthermore, although the presence of a pore fluid is known to reduce the effective stress, it is typically neglected in past caldera collapse

Hydrothermal alteration significantly affects the mineralogical and geochemical composition of subsurface rocks. This research utilized a combination of low-field time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance, gas adsorption-desorption isotherms, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy to characterize the pore systems of a range of flow top and flow interior basalt samples

Deep learning methodologies can significantly accelerate the interpretation of airborne transient electromagnetic (ATEM) data. Nevertheless, it remains challenging for deep learning methods to deal with data vectors with missing values. This study introduces innovative processing techniques for transient electromagnetic data, enabling the trained neural network to effectively manage data vectors with

Deep (>∼${ >} \sim $20 km) crustal seismicity is typically associated with cold Precambrian lithosphere. However, previous studies have reported that the depth above which 90% of seismicity occurs (D90) in the Southland region of New Zealand is 30–35 km, even though it is situated in relatively young Mesozoic crust at the eastern edge of the transpressive Pacific-Australian plate boundary. To examine

The mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has profound impacts on sea levels, the water cycle, and global climate variability. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its follow-on mission (GRACE-FO) provide accurate but limited spatial resolution observations of GrIS mass changes. Therefore, we developed a novel multi-time scale weighted forward modeling (WFM) approach that combines

The earliest form of continental crust was produced by tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) magmas. Molten albite (NaAlSi3O8) is representative of TTGs and also a major component of modern crust-forming magma. The viscosity of the melt controls the magma ascent rate and hence influences the production of new continental crust. It is well known that the viscosity (η) of albitic melt exhibits an

Quantitative analysis of crustal thickness evolution across deep time poses critical insights into the planet's geological history. It may help uncover new areas with potential critical mineral deposits and reveal the impacts of crustal thickness and elevation changes on the development of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. However, most existing estimation methods are restricted to arc-related

Earthquake dynamic rupture simulations are crucial for physics-based seismic hazard assessment. However, due to its intricate dynamics spanning vast spatial and temporal scales, these simulations pose a complex and computationally challenging problem. Here, we propose an end-to-end deep learning model (RuptureNet2D) as a cost-effective alternative (at evaluation time) to expensive numerical simulations

Slow slip events (SSEs) have been observed in many subduction zones and are understood to result from frictional unstable slip on the plate interface. The diversity of their characteristics and the fact that interplate slip can also be seismic suggest that frictional properties are heterogeneous. We are however lacking methods to determine spatial variations of frictional properties. In this paper

Rapid and accurate estimate of the energy release of violent volcanic eruptions is crucial for unraveling possible cascading effects and mitigating associated destructive events. However, present methodologies often rely on empirical relations between eruption yield and waveforms, failing to incorporate full-waveform data due to the absence of appropriate synthetic tools. Here, we propose a fast computation

The Tarim craton of central Asia, a stable continental block sandwiched between the Tianshan orogen and the Tibetan Plateau, has experienced significant tectonic reactivation due to the Cenozoic India-Eurasia collision. Previous tomographic studies have identified lithospheric subduction along the Tibet-Tarim and Tianshan-Tarim boundaries. However, it is unclear what the fate of the subducted lithosphere

To understand causes of the Suqian seismic gap and the 1668 M8.5 Tancheng earthquake, we determine a new 3-D S-wave velocity (Vs) model of the lithosphere under the Suqian segment of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern China using ambient noise tomography. Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersions at periods of 5–33 s are collected from seismograms recorded at our newly deployed TanluArray portable stations

Vp/Vs (Poisson's ratio) provides critical information for constraining the bulk crustal composition, stress state, and tectonic evolution of the Earth. The receiver function technique has been extensively utilized to constrain the crustal Vp/Vs, yet the reliability of measurements can be affected by complex structures and uneven distribution of seismic stations. Consequently, the interpolated Vp/Vs

The Carpathian–Pannonian Region (CPR), including Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, and Ukraine, exhibits significant seismic activity, necessitating detailed crustal studies. Despite recent improvements in understanding CPR's crustal structure, it remains poorly known. Here, we applied improved autocorrelation of the P-wave coda for the first time in CPR to image the Moho and Vp/Vs

The interplay between lithospheric strength contrast and tectonic compression by relative plate motion drives buckling instability. Analysis of lithospheric buckling with plate tectonic history is essential for inferring lithospheric strength. Based on 3D viscoelastic numerical modeling, we investigated the shape, symmetry, and coupling of layers under complex stress environments (i.e., compression/extension

To understand the fracturing processes at the base of the seismogenic zone, the evolution of creep cavities to ductile fractures was examined within an exhumed ultramylonite zone. This ultramylonite zone records deformation at the base of the seismogenic zone. Ductile fractures are recognized phenomena in metallurgy, occurring during ductile deformation as deformation-induced cavities grow and coalesce

We applied 3D scattering and absorption imaging to the Hengill volcanic area (southwest Iceland), where high-enthalpy geothermal reservoirs are presently harnessed. These techniques have shown the potential for detecting magmatic intrusions and fluid reservoirs in volcanic regions. Here, we target seismic scattering and absorption as proxies of the elastic and anelastic properties of the crust to understand

Deep carbon fundamentally modifies the physical properties of solids and melts, thereby affecting partial melting and compositional differentiation within the mantle. Experimental petrological studies suggest that the carbonated oceanic crust in the subducted slab may undergo carbon-induced partial melting and decarbonation in the deep upper mantle. Although slab geotherms in cold subduction zones

To facilitate geological studies of the Antarctic region south of 60°S, equivalent point magnetic dipole inversion was used to produce the comprehensive airborne-to-satellite altitude ADMAP-2s magnetic anomaly model. These spherical coordinate anomaly predictions jointly match the crustal magnetic anomalies gridded at 250 km above the Earth's mean geocentric radius (mgr) from the magnetometer observations

Understanding the tectonic evolution of oceanic basins is critical for reconstructing the geological history of the Earth. The West Philippine Basin (WPB), located at the intersection of major tectonic plates in the Western Pacific, presents a complex geological environment with unresolved questions regarding features like the Gagua Ridge and the extent of Cretaceous oceanic crust. We propose a novel

As a complement to the conventional monthly global solutions by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment series of gravimetric satellites, this study proposes an alternative method for estimating daily regional gravity field by utilizing the orbital Line-of-Sight Gravity Difference. The method is based on Slepian and B-spline basis functions for spatial and temporal parameterizations, respectively.

Opposite-direction oceanic wave interactions at the ocean surface generate microseisms between 0.1 and ∼${\sim} $0.5 Hz, known as secondary microseisms (SM). SM recordings aid in imaging Earth's crust, but they also impede monitoring seismic signals due to tectonic activities. Thus, quantification of SM energy would benefit research in both areas. Previous studies on modeling SM energy have primarily

The dynamic behavior of rocks under dynamic loading conditions is important in a wide range of processes, including meteorite impact, planetary defense, earthquakes, and mining. Phenomenological constitutive models have been extensively developed to capture rock behavior but have difficulty describing response under such extreme conditions. In this study, we present a mechanism-based model to describe

To investigate spatiotemporal evolution of premonitory slip and foreshock activity, we conduct a series of displacement-driven triaxial compression experiments on porous sandstone samples containing a saw-cut fault under conditions of varying load point velocities (1–10 μm/s), confining pressures (35–75 MPa) and constant pore pressure (5 MPa). Integrating far-field mechanical and displacement measurements

The Great Meteor seamounts are located in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, about 750 km south of the Azores. Conjugate to the Corner seamounts in the western Atlantic Ocean, it has been suggested they formed at the same hotspot that generated the New England Seamount chain. However, isotopic data suggest the Great Meteor seamounts are genetically linked to the Azores rather than to the New England hotspot

High-pressure experiments and theoretical calculations have indicated that bridgmanite hosts abundant point defects under lower mantle conditions potentially exerting a significant influence on mantle viscosity and conductivity. Vacancies may also act as a sink for impurity elements and a potential reservoir for the noble gases and other volatiles, so understanding of how defect type and abundance

Geodetic data spanning different phases of the earthquake cycle offer insights into the spatiotemporal interplay between processes driving surface deformation, such as viscoelastic relaxation, afterslip, and (re)locking. However, quantifying their contributions and explaining pre- and post-earthquake displacements with a single set of rheological parameters is challenging. We set up a 2-D earthquake

No abstract is available for this article.

Radon (222Rn), a radioactive inert gas commonly found in the earth's crust, is sensitive to crustal strain. Radon monitoring is widely recognized as an effective method for earthquake precursor detection. However, the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for these anomalies have not been investigated quantitatively. Thus, in this study, changes in radon concentration were systematically analyzed

Magma transport through the Earth's shallow crust can be affected by pre-existing weaknesses like faults. Consequently, fault-channeled magma may reach the surface in unexpected locations. Hence, better understanding of magma-fault interaction is needed to improve hazard assesment. We investigate the effect of host rock cohesion and magma viscosity on intrusion-fault interaction using laboratory experiments

The North China Craton (NCC) has undergone significant destruction, yet the spatial extent and underlying mechanisms of the destruction remain subjects of debate. In this study, we conduct a joint inversion by integrating multiple geophysical data sets to establish an unprecedented large-scale compositional structure of the NCC lithospheric mantle. By incorporating lithospheric thickness constrained

The P- and S-wave velocities of zoisite were measured simultaneously using ultrasonic techniques under pressure and temperature of up to 11 GPa and 773 K, respectively. The results indicate that the velocity of zoisite increases with increasing pressure and decreases with increasing temperature. Using finite strain fitting, values of KS⁢0=129⁢(3)GPa${K}_{S0}=129(3)\hspace*{.5em}\text{GPa}$, KS⁢0′=4

We measured the acoustic properties of ice-bearing sand packs in the laboratory using an acoustic pulse tube within the frequency range of 1–20 kHz, similar to sonic well-logs. We analyzed how wave velocity and attenuation (the inverse of quality factor) change with ice saturation and measurement frequency during melting. We found strong frequency-dependent correlations for both acoustic parameters

Geothermal energy plays a vital role in decarbonizing electricity and heat supply. Effective utilization of geothermal resources hinges on identifying or generating permeable reservoir zones and understanding how effective pressure variations affect fluid circulation and reservoir properties by poroelastic deformation. Hydrothermal alteration can modify the petrophysical properties of geothermal reservoir

We conduct waveform inversion for the 3-D seismic shear wave (S-wave) velocity structure in the lowermost mantle near the northern edge of the Pacific large low-shear-velocity province (LLSVP). We image a slab-like high-velocity anomaly slipping beneath the Pacific LLSVP in the lowermost 200 km of the mantle, extending toward an ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) beneath a point about 2,000 km southwest

Characterizing seismic responses to hydraulic fracturing (HF) in shale-gas development is crucial for seismic-hazard assessment and mitigation-strategy design. Although intensive HF operations have led to severe induced seismic hazards in the Changning shale gas field (CSF) in China for over a decade, the typical spatiotemporal characteristics of induced seismicity during and after HF in this region

Serpentinization and associated chemical remagnetization of ultramafic rocks are common in tectonically active oceanic zones such as transform zones; however, it remains unclear how chemical remagnetization occurs during the deformation of serpentinite. This study aims to discuss this magnetization process with evidence from a serpentinite shear zone within the fossil transform fault of the Troodos

Ultramafic rocks exposed in ophiolites are almost always serpentinized, but it is unclear whether the serpentinization occurs during lithospheric formation or subsequent ophiolite emplacement. The Troodos ophiolite offers an opportunity to discriminate between different serpentinization processes, incorporating rock magnetism, paleomagnetism and forward modeling of field magnetic data. Our results