Highly salient events activate neurons across various brain regions. During subsequent rest or sleep, the activity patterns of these neurons often correlate with those observed during the preceding experience. Growing evidence suggests that these reactivations play a crucial role in memory consolidation, the process by which experiences are solidified in cortical networks for long-term storage. Here

In Drosophila melanogaster , olfactory encoding in the mushroom body (MB) involves thousands of Kenyon cells (KCs) processing inputs from hundreds of projection neurons (PNs). Recent data challenge the notion of random PN-to-KC connectivity, revealing preferential connections between food-related PNs and specific KCs. Our study further uncovers a broader picture—an L-shaped hybrid network, supported

Indoles represent one of the most robust and synthetically versatile classes of heteroaromatic compounds. However, the stereoselective conversion of planar indole rings into three-dimensional indoline skeletons bearing multiple stereogenic centers remains a persistent challenge in organic synthesis. Herein, we describe an intermolecular catalytic asymmetric dearomatization of simple indoles via a palladium-catalyzed

Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) influence cognition and emotion through specific acetylcholine release in various brain regions, including the prefrontal cortices and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Acetylcholine release is controlled by distinct BFCN subtypes, modulated by excitatory and inhibitory inputs. However, the organization of the whole-brain input-output networks of these subtypes

Mechanisms underlying the dynamic relationships of viral infections and neurodegeneration warrant examination. Using a community-based cohort of older adults, the current study characterized the neurocognitive (cognitive functioning, brain volumes, Alzheimer’s disease positron emission tomography, and plasma biomarkers) and plasma proteomic (7268 proteins) profiles of four common coronavirus and six

Multidimensional optical sensing is crucial in information technology and modern intelligent systems. Despite advancement in optical sensing, capturing multidimensional light field information remains challenging, typically implemented using cascaded single-dimensional sensors and discrete optoelectrical components for information decoupling. Here, we present an all-integrated multidimensional sensing

Environmental factors may affect gene expression through epigenetic modifications of histones and transcription factors. Here, we report that cellular uptake of sorbate, a common food preservative, induces lysine sorbylation (Ksor) in mammalian cells and tissue mediated by the noncanonical activities of class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1-3). We demonstrated that HDAC1-3 catalyze sorbylation upon sorbate

Anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) that involves a spin-dependent singlet-to-triplet oxygen changeover largely restrains the water electrolysis efficiency for hydrogen production. However, the modulation of spin state is still challengeable for most OER catalysts, and there remains a debate on deciphering the active spin state in OER. Here, we pioneered an asymmetric Fe-incorporated NiPS 3 tactic

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a soluble redox cofactor used by diverse bacteria. Many Gram-negative bacteria that encode PQQ-dependent enzymes do not produce it and instead obtain it from the environment. To achieve this, Escherichia coli uses the TonB-dependent transporter PqqU as a high-affinity PQQ importer. Here, we show that PqqU binds PQQ with high affinity and determine the high-resolution

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating plant disease. Exopolysaccharide (EPS), a major virulence factor of R. solanacearum , elicits pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in tomato, but the means by which EPS is recognized in the plant remain poorly understood. We found that tomato non-arginine-aspartate (non-RD) receptor kinase SlLYK4 mediates the perception of R. solanacearum

Short tandem repeats (STRs), characterized by high–copy number mutations, represent one of the fastest-evolving genomic elements. However, human-specific expanded STRs (heSTRs) have lacked comprehensive genome-wide characterization. Leveraging 148 human and 26 nonhuman primate haploid genomes, we identified 8813 heSTRs with robust expansions in copy number distributions. Our analysis revealed notable

Synthesizing radicals that have both long lifetimes and high chemical reactivity remains a long-term challenge. Here, persistent phenyl radicals are successfully synthesized on Ag(111) by protecting the carbon radical site by designing the precursor molecule with suitable steric hindrance. As carbon-carbon coupling is prohibited, such radicals remain intact for longer than 6 hours at room temperature

Fluctuation theorems have elevated the second law of thermodynamics to a statistical realm by establishing a connection between time-forward and time-reversal probabilities, providing invaluable insight into nonequilibrium dynamics. While well established in classical systems, their quantum generalization, incorporating coherence and the diversity of quantum noise, remains open. We report the experimental

Originally known for its function in the cell cycle, the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) also plays a crucial role in regulating differentiation and maintaining cell identity. However, the mechanisms by which APC/C mediates developmental processes are not fully understood. In this study, we show that APC/C and its activator FZR-1 regulate the chromatin regulators MES-4 and MES-3. These

H3K9 methylation, a conserved heterochromatin marker, is crucial for chromosome segregation and gene regulation. Clr4 is the sole known methyltransferase catalyzing H3K9 methylation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe . Clr4 K455/K472 automethylation and H3K14 ubiquitination (H3K14Ub) are vital activators of Clr4, ensuring appropriate heterochromatin deposition and preventing deleterious silencing. While

Successful engagement with the physical world requires the ability to predict future events and plan interventions to alter that future. Growing evidence implicates a set of regions in the human parietal and frontal lobes [also known as the “physics network” (PN)] in such intuitive physical inferences. However, the central tenet of this hypothesis, that PN runs forward simulations to predict future

Antiferromagnetism, characterized by alternating magnetic moments, has garnered renewed interest for its potential applications in spintronics and axion electrodynamics. Its synergy with topology may yield an exotic topological phase unique to a certain magnetic order, termed antiferromagnetic topological insulators (AF TIs). A hallmark signature of AF TIs is the presence of a single surface Dirac

Metal-halide perovskite narrowband photodetectors offer a low-cost opportunity to detect specific signals covering a broad spectrum directly. However, the thickness of charge collection narrowing mechanism photodetectors increases recombination, resulting in performance bottlenecks. Here, we demonstrate amplified narrowband photodetectors that combine perovskite single-crystal absorbers and organic

Variable stiffness electronics represent the forefront of adaptive technology, integrating rigid and soft electronics in a single system through dynamic mechanical modulation. While gallium’s high modulus tuning ratio and rapid phase transitions make it ideal for transformative electronic systems (TES), its liquid-state instability, high surface tension, and unintended phase transitions during processing

Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) direct precise gene expression for development and environmental response, yet their spatial organization in crops is largely unknown. We introduce transposase-accessible chromosome conformation capture (TAC-C), a method integrating ATAC-seq and Hi-C to capture fine-scale chromatin interactions in four major crops: rice, sorghum, maize, and wheat. TAC-C reveals a strong

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are chronic metabolic diseases with global morbidity and mortality. Decades of evidence from surgical and endoscopic procedures bypassing the duodenum underscore the duodenum’s critical role in regulating glycemia and body weight. Although metabolic surgeries and endoscopic procedures are effective, their invasiveness, cost, and scalability limit patient access. We

Deciphering the structure-property relationship between cluster stacking and high-efficiency luminescence of metal nanoclusters is crucial for designing and synthesizing high-performance light-emitting materials and devices. Here, we successfully synthesized two polymorphic gold nanoclusters (Au 8 -C and Au 8 -P) and investigated their stacking-dependent piezoluminescence based on hydrostatic pressure

In spring, global warming exhibits prominent zonal asymmetry at continental scales, with Eurasia warming three times faster than North America during 1979–2021. Meanwhile, snow loss is also highly asymmetric. These changes are critical for regional agriculture and water management, yet the roles of specific forcings behind them remain unclear. Based on hierarchical large-ensemble climate model simulations

Tide gauges provide a long observational record that can inform the nature of satellite-era basin-scale sea level trends. However, common signals must be extracted from geographically sparse records. Here, by applying low-frequency component analysis (LFCA) to tide gauge records and surface climate reconstructions, we isolate three coherent modes of Pacific Ocean variability that we ascribe to: a secular

Secondary eggshell units, though rarely observed in modern avian eggshells, are marked structures in non-avian dinosaur eggshells that offer valuable paleobiological insights. Despite their significance, the origins of secondary eggshell units remain understudied, leading to debates in paleontology, including the hypothesis of an abiogenic origin for these structures. Here, we demonstrate that secondary

Glucagon-like peptide–1 (GLP-1), secreted by intestinal L cells, is essential for lowering postprandial glucose levels and regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.We investigate the effects of manipulating Piezo1 in L cells on hepatic lipid metabolism. We found that normal and high-fat diet–fed L cell–specific Piezo1 knockout ( IntL-Piezo1 −/− ) mice exhibited reduced circulating GLP-1 levels, increased

HIV-1 infection is a manageable chronic condition, with non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) remaining a cornerstone of antiretroviral therapy. Nevertheless, drug resistance to existing therapeutics is a serious and immediate concern. Using structure-based and scaffold-hopping approaches, we designed evolved diarylpyrimidine analogs targeting reverse transcriptase (RT), exploiting

Davemaoite (CaSiO 3 perovskite) is an essential mineral in Earth’s lower mantle, thought to be solidified directly from an early magma ocean. Despite its abundance, the impact of defects, particularly oxygen vacancies, on davemaoite’s properties under mantle conditions has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we use machine learning molecular dynamic simulations to examine the behavior of oxygen-deficient

The Late Ordovician mass extinction (LOME) included two phases (I and II) of high species turnover that have been hypothetically linked to the Hirnantian glaciation and subsequent rapid warming, respectively. However, the timing and tempo of the LOME remain uncertain, which hinders our understanding of the feedback between the LOME and paleoclimatic change. Here, we present high-precision radioisotopic

The photoreaction and commensurate structural changes of a chromophore within biological photoreceptors elicit conformational transitions of the protein promoting the switch between deactivated and activated states. We investigated how this coupling is achieved in a bacterial phytochrome variant, Agp2-PAiRFP2. Contrary to classical protein crystallography, which only allows probing (cryo-trapped) stable

Genomes adapt dynamically to alterations in the signaling milieu, including inflammation that transiently or permanently disrupts genome function. Here, we elucidate how a progenitor cell genome senses and responds to inflammation when the developmental and transcriptional regulator GATA2 is limiting, which causes bone marrow failure in humans and mice and predisposes to leukemia in humans. GATA2 low

Modules represent fundamental building blocks of cellular networks and are thought to facilitate robustness of phenotypes against perturbations. While reaction kinetic shapes the concentration of components and reaction rates, its use in identification of modules entails knowledge of parameter values. Here, we demonstrate that kinetic modules can be efficiently identified on the basis of steady-state

Wars have profound effects on well-being, but what about the ending of war? This study investigates this topic using representative samples of 4127 Afghans living through the latter stages of the War in Afghanistan and its aftermath. We find that the life satisfaction of Afghans dropped significantly following the conclusion of the War in Afghanistan in 2022, with two-thirds reporting a life satisfaction

Nitric oxide (NO) released endogenously by induced NO synthase (iNOS) in macrophages is a key regulatory biomarker for wound inflammation. Detecting NO directly on the wound bed is challenging due to its short half-life time (6 to 50 seconds), low physiological concentration (nanomolar to micromolar), and interferences in the complex wound environment. Here, we present a compliant, multiplexed, electrochemical

The macrodomain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 nonstructural protein 3 is required for viral pathogenesis and is an emerging antiviral target. We previously performed an x-ray crystallography–based fragment screen and found submicromolar inhibitors by fragment linking. However, these compounds had poor membrane permeability and liabilities that complicated optimization. Here, we

Na V 1.9 is a voltage-gated Na + channel subtype with unique gating properties that are poorly understood, partly due to the lack of reliable heterologous expression systems. Here, we present a transient expression protocol that produces robust mouse Na V 1.9 currents, enabling direct electrophysiological comparisons with native dorsal root ganglion neurons. To further understand the low current density

The mechanism of frictional energy dissipation holds notable importance in understanding the physical origins of nanofriction. Here, combining atomic force microscopy and Raman analysis, we confirm the important role of layer breathing modes in the layer-dependent frictional energy dissipation process of graphene layers. Then the LOZO′ mode is resonantly enhanced to elucidate the relationship between

The development of melt-quenched organic-inorganic metal halide (OIMH) glasses is hampered by the scarcity of suitable organic molten salts and low luminescence efficiency. Herein, we developed a series of two-component OIMH amorphous glasses consisting of (TPG) 2 MnBr 4 (TPG + , triphenylguanidium) and A 2 MnBr 4 (A, organic molten cation), named α G (A x TPG y ). The high glass-formation ability

Synaptic transmission is driven by a complex cycle of vesicle docking, release, and recycling, maintained by distinct vesicle pools. However, the partitioning of vesicle pools and reserve pool recruitment remain poorly understood. We use a novel vesicle modeling technology to model the synaptic vesicle cycle in unprecedented molecular and spatial detail at a hippocampal synapse. Our model demonstrates

Dopaminergic neurons influence diverse behaviors with varied firing patterns, yet the precise mechanisms remain unclear. We introduce a multiplexed genetically encoded sensor–based imaging and voltammetry method to simultaneously record synaptic, perisynaptic, and extrasynaptic dopaminergic transmission at mouse central neurons. Using this method alongside a genetically encoded sensor–based image analysis

Exciton-polariton microcavity arrays have emerged as a promising semiconductor-based platform for analog simulations of model Hamiltonians and topological effects. To study a variety of Hamiltonians and investigate their properties, it is essential to have highly configurable and easily engineerable structures with low disorder. Here, we demonstrate in situ tunable, room-temperature polariton condensation

Tailpipe emissions from road traffic contribute substantially to the burden of fine inhalable particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and deteriorate air quality. Exhaust emission standards, forcing improvements in combustion and exhaust after-treatment technology, considerably decreases combustion-related PM 2.5 emitted by modern cars. A549 cancerous alveolar and BEAS-2B normal bronchial epithelial cells were

Enhancement and active control of light-matter interactions at the atomic scale is important for developing next-generation nanophotonic and quantum optical devices. Here, we demonstrate electric control of excitonic strong coupling and electroluminescence (EL) by integrating a semiconductor monolayer into a nanometer gap of single electrically driven nanocube-on-mirror plasmonic nanocavities, which

The role of the Great Acceleration in transitioning the Earth into a new system state invites questions about the acceleration mechanism itself. Here, we use socioeconomic and environmental datasets from Roman Western Anatolia (first c. BCE to seventh c. CE) to investigate the possible mechanisms of globalization-driven acceleration. After the Roman conquest, Anatolia experienced a rapid transition

Soft robots exhibit flexural and active features that enabled their potential deployment in applications where rigid systems could not perform well. However, the locomotion of the soft robots still largely relies on the paddling that requires variety of active materials as artificial muscles. Hence, extreme conditions, i.e., under compressive or tensile loads, can cause irreversible damages that disable

Metabolic adaptations are essential for survival. The mitochondrial calcium uniporter plays a key role in coordinating metabolic homeostasis by regulating mitochondrial metabolic pathways and calcium signaling. However, a comprehensive analysis of uniporter-regulated mitochondrial pathways has remained unexplored. Here, we investigate consequences of uniporter loss and gain of function using uniporter

The striatum plays a key role in decision-making, with its effects varying with anatomical location and direct and indirect pathway striatal projecting neuron (d- and iSPN) populations. Using a mouse gambling task with a reinforcement-learning model, we described individual decision-making profiles as a combination of three archetypal strategies: Optimizers, Risk-averse, and Explorers. These strategies

Metal ions are widely adopted to potentiate oxidative damage-induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) and regulate immune pathways. However, current ion delivery platforms lack precise administration over distribution and retention time within the tumor microenvironment, leading to high systemic toxicity and suboptimal therapeutic efficacy. Here, local electrochemical immunotherapy is developed by implanting

The emergence of dissipative Kerr solitons in nonlinear resonators has revolutionized the generation of on-chip coherent optical frequency combs. The formation of dissipative Kerr solitons in conventional single resonators hinges on balancing the resonator dissipation against the parametric gain and balancing the resonator dispersion against the resonance frequency shifts introduced by the Kerr nonlinearity

The Tijuana River, at the US-Mexico border, discharges millions of gallons of wastewater daily—sewage, industrial waste, and runoff—into the Pacific Ocean, making it the dominant source of coastal pollution in this region. This study examines how such wastewater influences coastal aerosols by tracking spatial gradients from near the border northward. Using benzoylecgonine (a nonvolatile cocaine metabolite)

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation poses a substantial challenge to the stability of prevalent p-i-n (positive-intrinsic-negative) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), demanding more robust hole-transport layers (HTLs) due to light incident from the HTL side. Here, we unveil that commonly used self-assembled monolayer (SAM)–type HTLs suffer from poor UV stability that causes irreversible damage to hole extraction

The escalating plastic crisis can be mitigated by upgrading waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Leveraging the geographical advantages of offshores with established chlor-alkali industries, abundant renewable energy, and extensive seawater, we here present a technically and economically viable strategy of harnessing natural seawater as a medium to transform PET plastics into high-value chemicals

Conventionally, optical spectrometers rely on traditional dispersive elements like grating and prism, which pose inherent challenges for miniaturizing spectrometers, including the trade-off between propagation distance and spectral resolution and calibration ambiguity. Here, we present a random dispersive element—double-layer disordered metasurfaces—where wavelength-specific speckle patterns can be

Billions of years ago, Mars’ ability to sustain liquid water waned as the solar wind and radiation began to erode the atmosphere. Sputtering is an atmospheric escape process that may have been dominant during earlier epochs of our Sun according to isotopic evidence, but is difficult to detect under current solar conditions. Using over 9 years of data from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution

Neuronal activity stimulates mRNA translation crucial for learning and development, but the mechanism linking translation to neuronal activity is not understood. In humans, learning and memory are severely disrupted by mutations in the potassium channel Slack (KCNT1, Slo2.2). We find that pharmacological stimulation of this channel and a constitutively active Slack mutation stimulate mRNA translation

The mechanisms by which epithelial stem cells (SCs) sense mechanical cues within their niche and convert the information into biochemical signals to govern their function are not well understood. Here, we show that hair follicle SCs (HF-SCs) sense mechanical forces through cell adhesion and maintain quiescence in a PIEZO1-dependent mechanism. PIEZO1 interacts with E-cadherin in HF-SCs, and mechanical

Genetic studies on Native American populations have transformed our understanding of the demographic history of the Americas. However, a region that has not been investigated through ancient genomics so far is Colombia, the entry point into South America. Here, we report genome-wide data of 21 individuals from the Bogotá Altiplano in Colombia between 6000 and 500 years ago. We reveal that preceramic

Understanding the regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m 6 A), the prominent internal modification in mRNA, fosters the development of potential therapeutic strategies for human cancers. While the m 6 A demethylases FTO and ALKBH5 are recognized for their crucial roles in various cancers, their impact on lymphoid leukemia remains uncertain. Using T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) as a model

Linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, is widely used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and drug-resistant Gram-positive infections. However, prolonged use is associated with severe hematologic toxicity, the underlying mechanisms of which remain incompletely understood, particularly regarding the role of linezolid metabolites. Our clinical study indicates that elevated exposure to PNU142586